Effect of Biochar on TDR-Based Volumetric Soil Moisture Measurements in a Loamy Sand Podzolic Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Soil
2.2. Preparation of BC: Soil Mixtures
2.3. Estimation of Volumetric Soil Moisture Content Using Kb
2.4. Measurements of Volumetric Soil Moisture Content
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effects of BC on TDR Measurement
3.2. Evaluation of Three Models Based on Estimated VSMC
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | Unit | Powdered # | Granular $ |
---|---|---|---|
Feedstock | Mix softwood | Yellow pine wood (Pinus taeda) | |
Pyrolysis Temperature | °C | 450–500 | 500 |
Duration | min | 30 | 30 |
Particle size | mm | <0.5 | 1–6 |
Bulk density | (g cm−3) | 0.75 | 0.20 |
Moisture content | (%) | 5.0 | 15.2 |
pH (1:10 BC:water) | 8.9 | 9.0 | |
ECa at 21–22 °C | (dS m−1) | 1.3 | 5.2 |
Fixed carbon | % | 69 | 87.3 |
Volatile carbon (600 °C) | % | 22 | 12.7 |
Ash content | % | 4.0 | 6.0 |
BC Rate (%) | 0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 40 | 50 | 100 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BDP (g cm−3) | 1.25 | 1.21 | 1.17 | 1.14 | 1.10 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.75 |
BDG (g cm−3) | 1.25 | 0.99 | 0.82 | 0.70 | 0.61 | 0.40 | 0.34 | 0.20 |
BC Rate (%) | VSMCP | VSMCG | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Avg | Min | Max | Avg | |
0 | 17.4 | 32.9 | 25.6 | 17.4 | 32.9 | 25.6 |
1 | 20.8 | 38.4 | 30.0 | 25.1 | 39.6 | 31.3 |
5 | 20.2 | 39.0 | 30.2 | 26.6 | 41.6 | 33.3 |
10 | 23.4 | 42.5 | 33.0 | 21.6 | 34.9 | 27.3 |
15 | 27.3 | 43.4 | 34.9 | 14.4 | 22.5 | 18.1 |
20 | 32.6 | 45.7 | 39.5 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
30 | 30.9 | 45.0 | 38.6 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
40 | 40.0 | 52.1 | 45.9 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
50 | 39.5 | 51.2 | 45.2 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
100 | 53.6 | 64.2 | 59.2 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
BC (%) | M-1 | M-2 | M-3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reg. Eq. | R2 | Reg. Eq. | R2 | Reg. Eq. | R2 | |
0 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.91 | |||
5 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.96 | |||
10 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.96 | |||
15 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.92 | |||
20 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | |||
40 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.97 | |||
50 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.96 | |||
100 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 |
BC (%) | M-1 | M-2 | M-3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reg. Eq. | R2 | Reg. Eq. | R2 | Reg. Eq. | R2 | |
0 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.91 | |||
5 | 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.92 | |||
10 | 0.88 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
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Wanniarachchi, D.; Cheema, M.; Thomas, R.; Galagedara, L. Effect of Biochar on TDR-Based Volumetric Soil Moisture Measurements in a Loamy Sand Podzolic Soil. Soil Syst. 2019, 3, 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3030049
Wanniarachchi D, Cheema M, Thomas R, Galagedara L. Effect of Biochar on TDR-Based Volumetric Soil Moisture Measurements in a Loamy Sand Podzolic Soil. Soil Systems. 2019; 3(3):49. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3030049
Chicago/Turabian StyleWanniarachchi, Dinushika, Mumtaz Cheema, Raymond Thomas, and Lakshman Galagedara. 2019. "Effect of Biochar on TDR-Based Volumetric Soil Moisture Measurements in a Loamy Sand Podzolic Soil" Soil Systems 3, no. 3: 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3030049