Effectiveness of Firefighter Training for Indoor Intervention: Analysis of Temperature Profiles and Extinguishing Effectiveness

This study assessed the effectiveness of stress-based cognitive-behavioral training compared to standard training in firefighters, emphasizing their ability to distribute extinguishing water and cool environments evenly during enclosure fires. Experiments took place at the Zbiroh training facility with two firefighter teams (Team A with stress-based training and Team B with standard training) under realistic conditions. Using 58 thermocouples and 4 radiometers, temperature distribution and radiant heat flux were measured to evaluate water distribution efficiency and cooling performance during interventions. Team A consistently achieved temperature reductions of approximately 320 °C in the upper layers and 250–400 °C in the middle layers, maintaining stable conditions, whereas Team B only achieved partial cooling, with upper-layer temperatures remaining at 750–800 °C. Additionally, Team A recorded lower radiant heat flux densities (e.g., 20.74 kW/m² at 0°) compared to Team B (21.81 kW/m²), indicating more effective water application and adaptability. The findings confirm that stress-based training enhances firefighters’ operational readiness and their ability to distribute water effectively during interventions. This skill is essential for safer and effective management of indoor fires under extreme conditions. This study supports the inclusion of stress-based and scenario-based training in firefighter education to enhance safety and operational performance.