Feasibility of Using Combustion-Based Methods to Quantify Saline-Based Anti-Stripping Agent in Modified Asphalt Binders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Asphalt
2.1.2. Zychotherm
2.1.3. Mixing Process of Zycotherm in Asphalt Binder
2.2. Test Methods
2.2.1. Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter
Experimental Apparatus
Experimental Procedure
2.2.2. Ignition Oven
Experimental Apparatus
Experimental Procedure
2.2.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.2.4. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX)
3. Results
3.1. Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter Test
- Tc = temperature at the very highest point after combustion;
- Ta = temperature at the very lowest point before combustion;
- Spre = slope indicating leakage of heat “before” combustion;
- Spost = slope indicating leakage of heat “after” combustion;
- a = time at the lowest temperature;
- c = time at the highest temperature;
- b = time when 60% combustion completed.
3.2. Detection by Residue Visualization
3.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis
3.4. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) Analysis
3.5. Sample Size Effect
4. Conclusions
- The study makes a feasible combustion-based detection method for quantifying siloxane-based anti-stripping agent (Zycotherm) concentrations in modified asphalt binders. This method, leveraging heat combustion and ignition processes, demonstrated the capability to closely measure low doses (0.05% and 0.1%) of Zycotherm, showcasing its potential for practical application in quality control and quality assurance processes in asphalt binder modification.
- Incorporation of Zycotherm into asphalt binders resulted in a measurable decrease in heat combustion values, with reductions of 1.34% and 1.72% for 0.05% and 0.1% Zycotherm-modified binders, respectively. This finding indicates that Zycotherm, even in minimal concentrations, can significantly affect the combustion characteristics of asphalt binders, suggesting a chemical interaction that alters the binder’s thermal properties.
- The study revealed that Zycotherm-modified asphalt binders leave a distinguishable yellowish residue after burning and ignition processes, contrasting with the dark black residue of unmodified binders. This observation not only supports the method’s effectiveness in detecting Zycotherm presence but also offers a simple, visual means of preliminary assessment before quantitative analysis.
- A direct, nearly proportional relationship was established between the amount of Zycotherm and the mass of silica residue. This correlation underscores the principle that the quantity of silica residue resulting from the combustion of siloxane-based additives can serve as a reliable indicator of the Zycotherm content in modified asphalt binders.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Aging Condition | Test Property | Standard | Value | Requirement |
---|---|---|---|---|
Unaged | Viscosity @ 135 °C (cP) | AASHTO PP6 | 535 | Maximum 3000 cP |
G*/sin δ @ 64 °C (kPa) | AASHTO PP6 | 1.92 | Minimum 1.00 kPa | |
RTFO Aged | G*/sin δ @ 64 °C (kPa) | AASHTO PP6 | 3.26 | Minimum 2.20 kPa |
PAV Aged | G*/sin δ @ 25 °C (kPa) | AASHTO PP6 | 4695 | Maximum 5000 kPa |
Stiffness @ −12 °C (MPa) | AASHTO PP6 | 255 | Maximum 300 MPa | |
m-value @ −12 °C | AASHTO PP6 | 0.36 | Minimum 0.3 |
Property | Zychotherm Value |
---|---|
Color | Pale Yellow |
Form | Liquid |
Viscosity @ 25 °C | <3000 cP |
Freezing Point | 5–7 °C |
Flash Point | >80 °C |
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Riyad, R.H.; Wu, J.; Shen, J. Feasibility of Using Combustion-Based Methods to Quantify Saline-Based Anti-Stripping Agent in Modified Asphalt Binders. Fire 2024, 7, 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7040138
Riyad RH, Wu J, Shen J. Feasibility of Using Combustion-Based Methods to Quantify Saline-Based Anti-Stripping Agent in Modified Asphalt Binders. Fire. 2024; 7(4):138. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7040138
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiyad, Riyadul Hashem, Ji Wu, and Junan Shen. 2024. "Feasibility of Using Combustion-Based Methods to Quantify Saline-Based Anti-Stripping Agent in Modified Asphalt Binders" Fire 7, no. 4: 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7040138