Evaluating the Persistence of Post-Wildfire Ash: A Multi-Platform Spatiotemporal Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Descriptions
2.2. Field Site Characterization
2.3. Image Acquisition and Analysis
2.4. Endmember Spectra Collection
2.5. Spectral Indices
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Mesa Fire Ash Cover
3.2. Spectral Band Analysis: Mesa Fire Plots
3.3. Disturbance Indices: Mesa Fire Plots
3.4. Redford Canyon Fire Pilot Study
3.5. Comparing Imagery after the Mesa Fire
3.6. Mesa Fire UAS Image
3.7. Mesa Fire WorldView-2 Image
3.8. Mesa Fire Landsat Data
3.9. Mesa Fire Classified Sentinel-2 Time Series
4. Discussion
4.1. Change in Ash over Time
4.2. Spectral Bands and Indices
4.3. Considerations and Decision-Making Tool
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Landsat-8 | Sentinel-2 | WorldView-2 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Band | Central Wavelength (nm) | Span (nm) | Pixel (m) | Central Wavelength (nm) | Span (nm) | Pixel (m) | Central Wavelength (nm) | Span (nm) | Pixel (m) |
Blue | 482 [B2] | 435–451 | 30 | 492 [B2] | 459–525 | 10 | 478 [B2] | 450–510 | 1.8 |
Green | 561 [B3] | 452–512 | 30 | 560 [B3] | 542–578 | 10 | 546 [B3] | 510–580 | 1.8 |
Red | 655 [B4] | 636–673 | 30 | 665 [B4] | 650–681 | 10 | 659 [B5] | 630–690 | 1.8 |
NIR | 865 [B5] | 851–879 | 30 | 833 [B8a] 1 | 780–886 | 10 | 831 [B7] | 770–895 | 1.8 |
SWIR1 | 1609 [B6] | 1567–1651 | 30 | 1614 [B11] | 1569–1660 | 20 | - | - | - |
SWIR2 | 2201 [B7] | 2107–2294 | 30 | 2202 [B12] | 2115–2290 | 20 | - | - | - |
Scheme 2 | Equation | Citation |
---|---|---|
Normalized Burn Ratio | Key and Benson 2006 [35] | |
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index | Tucker 1979 [56] | |
Blue Normalized Difference Vegetation Index | Wang et al. 2007 [54] | |
Normalized Difference Infrared Index | Chafer et al. 2016 [34] |
Initial Ash Data | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fire | Transect | Burn Severity | Plots (n) | Ash Bulk Density (g·cm−3) | Cover (%) | Depth (mm) |
Mesa | T1 | High | 10 | 0.28 | 90 | 17 |
T2 | High | 10 | 0.44 | 76 | 14 | |
T3 | Low/moderate | 10 | - | 29 | 23 | |
T4 | Low/moderate | 10 | - | 58 | 14 | |
T5 | Low/moderate | 10 | - | 46 | 7 | |
T6 | Low/moderate | 10 | - | 54 | 9 | |
Redford | TR1 | Moderate | 9 | - | - | 13 |
Canyon | TR2 | Moderate | 9 | - | - | 10 |
TR3 | Moderate-high | 9 | 0.32 | - | 13 | |
TR4 | Moderate | 9 | - | - | 8 |
Post-Fire Day | Burn Severity | Ash Cover Estimate (%) | Standard Error | Letter Group |
---|---|---|---|---|
15 | 71 | 6.7 | a | |
45 | 69 | 4.6 | a | |
85 | 48 | 5.5 | b | |
High | 82 | 5.4 | a | |
Low/moderate | 32 | 4.0 | b |
Platform/Satellite | Bands Used (as Available) | Acquisition/Return Period | Cost per 100 km2 | Time to Process | Area and Specifications | Data Volume | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UAS | Specs: | RGB (NIR) | As collected | $16,000 1 (16 days) | Days | 4 km2 3-band | Ultra-high (1.5 GB) |
Pros: |
| ||||||
Cons: |
| ||||||
World View-2 | Specs: | RGB/NIR (SWIR on WV-3) | Tasked/as ordered | $2500 | Hours | 100 km2 orthorectified 4-band | Moderate (300 MB) |
Pros: |
| ||||||
Cons: |
| ||||||
Sentinel-2 | Specs: | RGB/NIR/SWIR | Automatic/5–10 days | Free | Hours | 100 km2 orthorectified 12-band | Moderate (600–800 MB) |
Pros: |
| ||||||
Cons: |
| ||||||
Landsat-8 | Specs: | RGB/NIR/SWIR | Automatic/16 days | Free | Hours | 300 km2 orthorectified 11-bands | Moderate (900+ MB) |
Pros: |
| ||||||
Cons: |
|
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Lewis, S.A.; Robichaud, P.R.; Hudak, A.T.; Strand, E.K.; Eitel, J.U.H.; Brown, R.E. Evaluating the Persistence of Post-Wildfire Ash: A Multi-Platform Spatiotemporal Analysis. Fire 2021, 4, 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire4040068
Lewis SA, Robichaud PR, Hudak AT, Strand EK, Eitel JUH, Brown RE. Evaluating the Persistence of Post-Wildfire Ash: A Multi-Platform Spatiotemporal Analysis. Fire. 2021; 4(4):68. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire4040068
Chicago/Turabian StyleLewis, Sarah A., Peter R. Robichaud, Andrew T. Hudak, Eva K. Strand, Jan U. H. Eitel, and Robert E. Brown. 2021. "Evaluating the Persistence of Post-Wildfire Ash: A Multi-Platform Spatiotemporal Analysis" Fire 4, no. 4: 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire4040068