Study of Fuel-Smoke Dynamics in a Prescribed Fire of Boreal Black Spruce Forest through Field-Deployable Micro Sensor Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Micro Sensor Systems
2.3. Data Analysis and Models
2.3.1. Smoke Propagation
- q = flux of PM2.5 in the incoming smoke (µg/m2/s),
- v = propagation velocity of smoke plume wavefront (m/s),
- n = effective concentration of PM2.5 within the vertical three dimensional box (µg/m3),
- Δn = n(t2) − n(t1) = increase in PM2.5 concentration within the box during an interval Δt (µg/m3),
- Δt = t2 − t1 = time interval (s)
- A = area of the imaginary cross section at the measurement location (m2), and
- d = effective length of virtual box where excess PM2.5 distribution is considered to be uniform (m).
2.3.2. Gaussian Profiling of Smoke Dispersion
2.3.3. PM2.5 Emission from Combustion of Fuels
- Q = flow of PM2.5 at the wavefront (µg/s),
- v = smoke propagation velocity (m/s),
- l = length along the arc of the smoke wavefront (m), l1 and l2 are the lower and upper limits describing the smoke wavefront distribution,
- n(l) = PM2.5 density as a function of arc length (µg/m3),
- H = height of smoke plume from ground.
- MPM2.5 = mass of PM2.5 in smoke-wave,
- n(t) = PM2.5 density as a function of time (µg/m3),
- n(t)max = peak PM2.5 intensity at the smoke-wave (µg/m3),
- t0 = onset of smoke-wave detection at sensor location, and
- T = duration of smoke-wave recorded at sensor location (s).
3. Results
3.1. Background Ambient Conditions
3.2. Smoke from Fire
3.3. Smoke Decay Half-Life
3.4. Smoke Wavefronts
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Smoke Wavefront Profiling
Curve Fitting | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Smoke Wavefront | a | b | c | R-square |
A | 1761 | 71.42 | 21.72 | 1 |
B | 1717 | 105.9 | 21.15 | 1 |
C | 2410 | 68.74 | 22.24 | 1 |
Appendix B. PM2.5 Emission from Combustion of Fuels
Sensor Serial | v (m/s) | vmean (m/s) | Flow at Wavefront Q (µg/s) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
303–300 | 0.68 | 0.77 | 5.87 × 105 | 2.26 × 107 | 15.2 |
303–100 | 0.86 | ||||
303–200 | |||||
401–100 |
Sensor Serial | v (m/s) | vmean (m/s) | Flow at Wavefront Q (µg/s) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
303–300 | 0.23 | 5.57 × 105 | 6.41 × 106 | 3.0 | |
303–100 | 0.23 | ||||
303–200 | 0.22 | ||||
401–100 |
Sensor Serial | v (m/s) | vmean (m/s) | Flow at Wavefront Q (µg/s) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
303–300 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 8.22 × 105 | 6.99 × 106 | 13.3 |
303–100 | 0.15 | ||||
303–200 | |||||
401–100 |
Combustion Phase | Smoke-Wave | PM2.5 Mass M (kg) | Total Emission (kg) |
---|---|---|---|
Flaming | A | 15.2 | 15.2 |
Smoldering | B | 3.0 | 16.3 |
C | 13.3 |
Appendix C. Estimations of Uncertainties
Micro-Station Serial | Location | Distance l (m) | Δl (m) | Δt (s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
µS 303–100 | North | 415 | 50 | 30 |
µS 303–200 | NW | 474 | 80 | 30 |
µS 303–300 | NE | 567 | 80 | 30 |
303–100 | 303–200 | 303–300 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Smoke Wavefront | Ul (%) | Ut (%) | UTotal(%) | Ul (%) | Ut(%) | UTotal (%) | Ul (%) | Ut (%) | UTotal (%) |
A | 12.0 | 5.9 | 13.4 | 14.1 | 3.4 | 14.5 | |||
B | 12.0 | 1.6 | 12.2 | 16.9 | 1.4 | 17.0 | |||
C | 12.0 | 1.1 | 12.1 | 14.1 | 1.0 | 14.1 |
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Micro-Station Serial | Location | Latitude | Longitude | Distance (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|
µS 303–100 | North | 55.7219 | –113.573 | 415 |
µS 303–200 | NW | 55.7214 | –113.578 | 474 |
µS 303–300 | NE | 55.7211 | –113.566 | 567 |
µS 401–100 | WNW | 55.7296 | –113.581 | 529 |
µS 401–200 | NW | 55.7245 | –113.584 | 973 |
Curve Fitting | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Smoke Wavefront | no (µg/m3) | v/d (min−1) | σv/d (min−1) | T1/2 (min) | ΔT1/2 (±min) | R-square |
A | 824 | 0.07 | 0.016 | 9.73 | 1.75 | 0.71 |
B | 910 | 0.26 | 0.059 | 2.71 | 0.51 | 0.97 |
C | 901 | 0.04 | 0.002 | 17.76 | 0.85 | 0.91 |
303–100 | 303–200 | 303–300 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Smoke Wavefront | Time of Travel (min) | Distance (m) | Prop. Rate (m/s) | Time of Travel (min) | Distance (m) | Prop. Rate (m/s) | Time of Travel (min) | Distance (m) | Prop. Rate (m/s) |
A | 8 | 415 | 0.86 | 14 | 567 | 0.68 | |||
B | 30 | 415 | 0.23 | 36 | 474 | 0.22 | |||
C | 45 | 415 | 0.15 | 51 | 567 | 0.19 |
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Huda, Q.; Lyder, D.; Collins, M.; Schroeder, D.; Thompson, D.K.; Marshall, G.; Leon, A.J.; Hidalgo, K.; Hossain, M. Study of Fuel-Smoke Dynamics in a Prescribed Fire of Boreal Black Spruce Forest through Field-Deployable Micro Sensor Systems. Fire 2020, 3, 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire3030030
Huda Q, Lyder D, Collins M, Schroeder D, Thompson DK, Marshall G, Leon AJ, Hidalgo K, Hossain M. Study of Fuel-Smoke Dynamics in a Prescribed Fire of Boreal Black Spruce Forest through Field-Deployable Micro Sensor Systems. Fire. 2020; 3(3):30. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire3030030
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuda, Quamrul, David Lyder, Marty Collins, Dave Schroeder, Dan K. Thompson, Ginny Marshall, Alberto J. Leon, Ken Hidalgo, and Masum Hossain. 2020. "Study of Fuel-Smoke Dynamics in a Prescribed Fire of Boreal Black Spruce Forest through Field-Deployable Micro Sensor Systems" Fire 3, no. 3: 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire3030030