Simulating the Software Development Lifecycle: The Waterfall Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Our Contribution and the Remainder of this Paper
2. Background
2.1. The Software Development Lifecycle
2.2. The Waterfall Model
2.3. Motivation to Study the Waterfall Model
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Assumptions
3.2. Zero-Wait Times
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
6.1. Implications
6.2. Limitations and Next Steps
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phase | Definition |
---|---|
Requirements analysis and definition | “The system’s services, constraints, and goals are established by consultation with system users. They are then defined in detail and serve as a system specification” [48]. |
System and software design | “The systems design process allocates the requirements to either hardware or software systems by establishing an overall system architecture. Software design involves identifying and describing the fundamental software system abstractions and their relationships” [48]. |
Implementation and unit testing | “During this stage, the software design is realized as a set of programs or program units. Unit testing involves verifying that each unit meets its specification” [48]. |
Integration and systems testing | “The individual program units or programs are integrated and tested as a complete system to ensure that the software requirements have been met. After testing, the software system is delivered to the customer” [48]. |
Operation and maintenance | “Normally (although not necessarily), this is the longest life cycle phase. The system is installed and put into practical use. Maintenance involves correcting errors which were not discovered in earlier stages of the life cycle, improving the implementation of system units and enhancing the system’s services as new requirements are discovered” [48]. |
Category | Quantity |
---|---|
Analyst(s) | 5 |
Designer(s) | 5 |
Programmer(s) | 10 |
Tester(s) | 20 |
Maintenance personnel | 5 |
Role | Small | Medium | Large |
---|---|---|---|
Analyst(s) | 1 | 2 | 5 |
Designer(s) | 1 | 2 | 5 |
Programmer(s) | 2 | 4 | 10 |
Tester(s) | 2 | 6 | 20 |
Maintenance personnel | 1 | 2 | 5 |
Phase | Lower | Upper |
---|---|---|
Analysis | 3 | 5 |
Design | 5 | 10 |
Implementation | 15 | 20 |
Testing | 5 | 10 |
Maintenance | 1 | 3 |
Phase | Small | Medium | Large |
---|---|---|---|
Analysis | - | - | - |
Design | 10% | 20% | 30% |
Implementation | 10% | 20% | 30% |
Testing | 10% | 20% | 30% |
Maintenance | 10% | 20% | 30% |
Phase | Resource | Number of Delays | Mean Wait Time for Resource | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Small | Medium | Large | Small | Medium | Large | ||
Analysis | Analyst(s) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 5.000 | 0.010 | 0.069 | 0.388 |
Design | Designer(s) | 6.000 | 8.000 | 17.000 | 0.525 | 0.380 | 1.030 |
Implementation | Programmer(s) | 21.000 | 26.000 | 34.000 | 5.344 | 7.422 | 9.707 |
Testing | Tester(s) | 2.000 | 2.000 | 10.000 | 0.111 | 0.120 | 0.796 |
Maintenance | Maintenance personnel | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
All phases | All resources | 30.000 | 37.000 | 66.000 | 1.250 | 1.799 | 2.728 |
Phase | Resource | Scenario 1 (Intuition) | Scenario 2 (Zero-Wait) |
---|---|---|---|
Analysis | Analyst(s) | 5 | 15 |
Design | Designer(s) | 5 | 18 |
Implementation | Programmer(s) | 10 | 38 |
Testing | Tester(s) | 20 | 49 |
Maintenance | Maintenance personnel | 5 | 10 |
Phase | Small | Medium | Large | All Sizes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scenario | Scenario | Scenario | Scenario | ||||||
1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||
Analysis | Count | 1.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 5.000 | 0.000 | 7.000 | 0.000 |
Max Wait | 0.509 | 0.000 | 2.979 | 0.000 | 4.707 | 0.000 | 4.707 | 0.000 | |
Mean Wait | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.069 | 0.000 | 0.388 | 0.000 | 0.143 | 0.000 | |
Std. Dev. | 0.072 | 0.000 | 0.454 | 0.000 | 1.091 | 0.000 | 0.668 | 0.000 | |
Design | Count | 6.000 | 0.000 | 8.000 | 0.000 | 17.000 | 0.000 | 31.000 | 0.000 |
Max Wait | 8.977 | 0.000 | 6.000 | 0.000 | 8.059 | 0.000 | 8.977 | 0.000 | |
Mean Wait | 0.525 | 0.000 | 0.380 | 0.000 | 1.030 | 0.000 | 0.645 | 0.000 | |
Std. Dev. | 1.754 | 0.000 | 1.124 | 0.000 | 1.989 | 0.000 | 1.669 | 0.000 | |
Implementation | Count | 21.000 | 0.000 | 26.000 | 0.000 | 34.000 | 0.000 | 81.000 | 0.000 |
Max Wait | 42.000 | 0.000 | 29.000 | 0.000 | 46.396 | 0.000 | 46.396 | 0.000 | |
Mean Wait | 5.344 | 0.000 | 7.422 | 0.000 | 9.707 | 0.000 | 7.490 | 0.000 | |
Std. Dev. | 9.482 | 0.000 | 9.897 | 0.000 | 11.478 | 0.000 | 10.407 | 0.000 | |
Testing | Count | 2.000 | 0.000 | 2.000 | 0.000 | 10.000 | 0.000 | 14.000 | 0.000 |
Max Wait | 4.000 | 0.000 | 3.000 | 0.000 | 8.000 | 0.000 | 8.000 | 0.000 | |
Mean Wait | 0.111 | 0.000 | 0.120 | 0.000 | 0.796 | 0.000 | 0.333 | 0.000 | |
Std. Dev. | 0.604 | 0.000 | 0.594 | 0.000 | 1.989 | 0.000 | 1.262 | 0.000 | |
Maintenance | Count | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Max Wait | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Mean Wait | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Std. Dev. | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Across all phases | Count | 30.000 | 0.000 | 37.000 | 0.000 | 66.000 | 0.000 | 133.000 | 0.000 |
Max Wait | 42.000 | 0.000 | 29.000 | 0.000 | 46.396 | 0.000 | 46.396 | 0.000 | |
Mean Wait | 1.250 | 0.000 | 1.799 | 0.000 | 2.728 | 0.000 | 1.901 | 0.000 | |
Std. Dev. | 4.870 | 0.000 | 5.605 | 0.000 | 6.841 | 0.000 | 5.819 | 0.000 |
Small | Medium | Large | All Sizes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scenario | Scenario | Scenario | Scenario | |||||
1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
Min | 32.000 | 34.000 | 41.000 | 36.000 | 39.000 | 33.000 | 32.000 | 33.000 |
Max | 107.141 | 106.000 | 170.142 | 112.000 | 303.000 | 168.000 | 303.000 | 168.000 |
Mean | 49.995 | 47.298 | 81.944 | 59.950 | 119.643 | 80.827 | 75.222 | 57.540 |
Std. Dev. | 17.964 | 15.729 | 38.671 | 25.372 | 65.704 | 40.559 | 47.682 | 28.576 |
Phase | Small | Medium | Large | All Sizes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scenario | Scenario | Scenario | Scenario | ||||||
1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||
Analysis | Min | 3.000 | 3.000 | 3.000 | 3.000 | 3.000 | 3.000 | 3.000 | 3.000 |
Max | 5.509 | 5.000 | 6.979 | 5.000 | 8.189 | 5.000 | 8.189 | 5.000 | |
Mean | 3.890 | 4.095 | 4.093 | 4.083 | 4.313 | 3.975 | 4.083 | 4.058 | |
Std. Dev. | 0.710 | 0.640 | 0.866 | 0.732 | 1.376 | 0.620 | 1.008 | 0.657 | |
Design | Min | 5.000 | 5.000 | 5.000 | 5.000 | 5.000 | 5.000 | 5.000 | 5.000 |
Max | 15.541 | 10.000 | 15.000 | 10.000 | 18.059 | 10.000 | 18.059 | 10.000 | |
Mean | 7.858 | 7.671 | 8.200 | 7.357 | 8.674 | 7.560 | 8.255 | 7.558 | |
Std. Dev. | 2.328 | 1.501 | 1.936 | 1.620 | 2.727 | 1.527 | 2.359 | 1.536 | |
Implementation | Min | 15.000 | 15.000 | 15.000 | 15.000 | 15.000 | 15.000 | 15.000 | 15.000 |
Max | 61.000 | 20.000 | 48.000 | 19.000 | 62.396 | 20.000 | 62.396 | 20.000 | |
Mean | 22.398 | 17.458 | 24.668 | 17.207 | 27.125 | 17.760 | 24.730 | 17.510 | |
Std. Dev. | 9.519 | 1.383 | 9.873 | 1.373 | 11.429 | 1.546 | 10.419 | 1.442 | |
Testing | Min | 5.000 | 5.000 | 5.000 | 5.000 | 5.000 | 5.000 | 5.000 | 5.000 |
Max | 10.000 | 10.000 | 10.000 | 10.000 | 16.000 | 10.000 | 16.000 | 10.000 | |
Mean | 7.278 | 7.433 | 7.540 | 7.500 | 7.980 | 7.320 | 7.588 | 7.406 | |
Std. Dev. | 1.406 | 1.373 | 1.541 | 1.703 | 2.537 | 1.596 | 1.890 | 1.507 | |
Maintenance | Min | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Max | 3.000 | 3.000 | 3.000 | 3.000 | 3.000 | 3.000 | 3.000 | 3.000 | |
Mean | 2.120 | 1.984 | 1.929 | 2.130 | 1.857 | 2.061 | 1.984 | 2.034 | |
Std. Dev. | 0.594 | 0.713 | 0.745 | 0.626 | 0.648 | 0.659 | 0.667 | 0.679 | |
Across all phases | Min | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Max | 61.000 | 20.000 | 3.000 | 19.000 | 62.396 | 20.000 | 62.396 | 20.000 | |
Mean | 8.934 | 8.000 | 10.041 | 7.686 | 11.059 | 8.336 | 9.976 | 8.036 | |
Std. Dev. | 8.539 | 5.497 | 9.523 | 5.125 | 10.804 | 5.602 | 9.654 | 5.449 |
Phase | Small | Medium | Large | All Sizes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scenario | Scenario | Scenario | Scenario | ||||||
1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||
Design | # of failed phases | 3.000 | 6.000 | 12.000 | 16.000 | 18.000 | 17.000 | 33.000 | 39.000 |
# of phases | 54.000 | 73.000 | 61.000 | 42.000 | 59.000 | 50.000 | 174.000 | 165.000 | |
Percentage | 5.556 | 8.219 | 19.672 | 38.095 | 30.508 | 34.000 | 18.966 | 23.636 | |
Implementation | # of failed phases | 4.000 | 10.000 | 18.000 | 6.000 | 19.000 | 10.000 | 41.000 | 26.000 |
# of phases | 55.000 | 72.000 | 57.000 | 29.000 | 55.000 | 50.000 | 167.000 | 151.000 | |
Percentage | 7.273 | 13.889 | 31.579 | 20.690 | 34.545 | 20.000 | 24.551 | 17.219 | |
Testing | # of failed phases | 4.000 | 5.000 | 8.000 | 3.000 | 14.000 | 17.000 | 26.000 | 25.000 |
# of phases | 54.000 | 67.000 | 50.000 | 26.000 | 49.000 | 50.000 | 153.000 | 143.000 | |
Percentage | 7.407 | 7.463 | 16.000 | 11.538 | 28.571 | 34.000 | 16.993 | 17.483 | |
Maintenance | # of failed phases | 3.000 | 5.000 | 11.000 | 3.000 | 13.000 | 10.000 | 27.000 | 18.000 |
# of phases | 50.000 | 62.000 | 42.000 | 23.000 | 35.000 | 33.000 | 127.000 | 118.000 | |
Percentage (%) | 6.000 | 8.065 | 26.190 | 13.043 | 37.143 | 30.303 | 21.260 | 15.254 | |
All phases | # of failed phases | 14.000 | 26.000 | 49.000 | 28.000 | 64.000 | 54.000 | 127.000 | 108.000 |
# of phases | 263.000 | 337.000 | 253.000 | 156.000 | 238.000 | 223.000 | 754.000 | 716.000 | |
Percentage (%) | 5.323 | 7.715 | 19.368 | 17.949 | 26.891 | 24.215 | 16.844 | 15.084 |
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Saravanos, A.; Curinga, M.X. Simulating the Software Development Lifecycle: The Waterfall Model. Appl. Syst. Innov. 2023, 6, 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi6060108
Saravanos A, Curinga MX. Simulating the Software Development Lifecycle: The Waterfall Model. Applied System Innovation. 2023; 6(6):108. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi6060108
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaravanos, Antonios, and Matthew X. Curinga. 2023. "Simulating the Software Development Lifecycle: The Waterfall Model" Applied System Innovation 6, no. 6: 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi6060108