Deposited Particulate Matter Enrichment in Heavy Metals and Related Health Risk: A Case Study of Krakow, Poland †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Mean value (mg/kg) |
---|---|
As | 14.7 |
Ba | 111.5 |
Be | 0.54 |
Cd | 1.2 |
Co | 2.35 |
Cr | 90 |
Cu | 74.5 |
Li | 21.1 |
Mn | 623.5 |
Ni | 24.5 |
Pb | 85.5 |
Sn | 12.5 |
Sr | 140.5 |
Ti | 223 |
Tl | 0.26 |
V | 30 |
Zn | 5820 |
Enrichment factor | Formulas | Explanation | Limit values | Classification | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geo-accumulation index Igeo | Igeo = log2(Ci/1.5*Bn) | Ci—content of element in PM; Bn—background value; 1.5—constant | Igeo ≤ 0 | Class 0—practically uncontaminated | [11,12] |
0 ≤ Igeo < 1 | Class 1—uncontaminated to moderately contaminated | ||||
1 ≤ Igeo < 2 | Class 2—moderately contaminated | ||||
2 ≤ Igeo < 3 | Class 3—moderately to heavily contaminated | ||||
3 ≤ Igeo < 4 | Class 4—heavily contaminated | ||||
4 ≤ Igeo < 5 | Class 5—heavily to extremely contaminated | ||||
5 ≤ Igeo | Class 6—extremely contaminated | ||||
Contamination factor CF | CF = Cmi/Cref | Cmi—mean element concentration in PM; Cref—reference value of element | CF < 1 | low contamination | [13,14] |
1 ≤ CF < 3 | moderate contamination | ||||
3 ≤ CF < 6 | considerable contamination | ||||
6 ≤ CF | very high contamination | ||||
Enrichment factor EF | EF = (Ci/Cref)/(Bi/Bref) | Ci—content of element in PM; Cref—content of Fe in sample; Bi—reference content of single element; Bref—reference content of Fe | EF ≤ 1 | no enrichment | [15,16] |
1 < EF ≤ 3 | minor enrichment | ||||
3 < EF ≤ 5 | moderate enrichment | ||||
5 < EF ≤ 10 | moderately severe enrichment | ||||
10 < EF ≤ 25 | severe enrichment | ||||
25 < EF ≤ 50 | very severe enrichment | ||||
EF > 50 | extremely severe enrichment | ||||
Ecological risk index ERI | ERI = Tri x CFi | Tr—toxicity response coefficient of single element; CFi—contamination factor of single element | ERI < 40 | low potential ecological risk | [13,17,18,19,20] |
40 ≤ ERI < 80 | moderate potential ecological risk | ||||
80 ≤ ERI < 160 | considerable potential ecological risk | ||||
160 ≤ ERI < 320 | high potential ecological risk | ||||
320 ≤ ERI | very high potential ecological risk | ||||
Modified hazard quotient mHQ | Ci—concentration of element in PM; TEL—threshold effect level; PEL—probable effect level; SEL—severe effect level for single element | mHQ < 0.5 | nil to very low severity of contamination | [10,21] | |
0.5 < mHQ < 1.0 | very low severity of contamination | ||||
1.0 < mHQ < 1.5 | low severity of contamination | ||||
1.5 < mHQ < 2.0 | moderate severity of contamination | ||||
2.0 < mHQ < 2.5 | considerable severity of contamination | ||||
2.5 < mHQ < 3.0 | high severity of contamination | ||||
3.0 < mHQ < 3.5 | very high severity of contamination | ||||
mHQ > 3.5 | extreme severity of contamination |
Element | Igeo | CF | EF (mean) | ERI | mHQ | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
value | class | value | class | value | class | value | class | value | class | |
As | 5.6 | 6 | 3.06 | considerable | 2.63 | minor | 30.6 | low | 1.90 | moderate severity |
Ba | 15.5 | 6 | 0.18 | low | 0.15 | no | - | - | - | - |
Be | −0.4 | 0 | 0.26 | low | 0.22 | no | - | - | - | - |
Cd | −3.8 | 0 | 13.3 | very high | 11.44 | severe | 400 | very high | 1.24 | low severity |
Co | 4.8 | 5 | 0.14 | low | 0.12 | no | 0.7 | low | - | - |
Cr | 12.4 | 6 | 0.98 | low | 0.84 | no | 2.0 | low | 2.12 | considerable severity |
Cu | 10.4 | 6 | 2.66 | moderate | 2.28 | minor | 13.3 | low | 1.57 | moderate severity |
Li | 8.2 | 6 | 1.00 | moderate | 0.86 | no | - | - | - | - |
Mn | 18.3 | 6 | 0.81 | low | 0.69 | no | - | - | - | - |
Ni | 9.6 | 6 | 0.52 | low | 0.45 | no | 2.6 | low | 1.18 | low severity |
Pb | 9.9 | 6 | 5.03 | considerable | 4.32 | moderate | 25.1 | low | 1.86 | moderate severity |
Sn | 4.1 | 5 | 5.95 | considerable | 5.11 | moderately severe | - | - | - | - |
Sr | 14.9 | 6 | 0.44 | low | 0.38 | no | - | - | - | - |
Ti | 19.6 | 6 | 0.04 | low | 0.03 | no | - | - | - | - |
Tl | −2.7 | 0 | 0.29 | low | 0.25 | no | 2.9 | low | - | - |
V | 10.9 | 6 | 0.31 | low | 0.27 | no | - | - | - | - |
Zn | 18.0 | 6 | 86.87 | very high | 74.56 | extremely severe | 86.9 | considerable | 36.45 | extreme severity |
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Gruszecka-Kosowska, A. Deposited Particulate Matter Enrichment in Heavy Metals and Related Health Risk: A Case Study of Krakow, Poland. Proceedings 2020, 44, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECEHS-2-06373
Gruszecka-Kosowska A. Deposited Particulate Matter Enrichment in Heavy Metals and Related Health Risk: A Case Study of Krakow, Poland. Proceedings. 2020; 44(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECEHS-2-06373
Chicago/Turabian StyleGruszecka-Kosowska, Agnieszka. 2020. "Deposited Particulate Matter Enrichment in Heavy Metals and Related Health Risk: A Case Study of Krakow, Poland" Proceedings 44, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECEHS-2-06373