1. Introduction
Hydroxyurea (HU) is an anti-cancer agent commonly used in myeloproliferative Philadelphia negative disorders as polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocitosis (ET) and myelofibrosis (MF). Most frequent side effects of HU are skin numbness or purple discoloration, skin ulcers or open sores and low blood cell counts. Using hydroxyurea may increase risk of developing other types of cancer, such as leukemia or skin cancer. Some recent studies underline the possibility of an oral toxicity, but its frequency seems to be quite rare. We present a cases series in which the oral lesions happened in patients in treatment with HU, focusing on their management.
2. Methods
A total of 7 patients (3 males, 4 females, mean age 71), arrived from January 2018 to June 2019 to the Oral Medicine section of the Dental school Lingotto, University of Turin, were enrolled in this study. 4 of them were affected by PV, 1 by MF, 2 by ET. Patients were invited to an oral visit by their hematologist. The visit was performed by a doctor expert in oral medicine. When the diagnosis of oral mucosa ulcers was done, the first line treatment was chlorexihidine mouth rinses and a topical cortisteroid applied 3 times daily for 2 weeks (clobetasol 0.05%). Only if this treatment failed or a serious new episode happened, a reduction of HU dose or its suspension were evaluated.
3. Results
Results are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1.
Characteristics of patients and treatments strategies.
The clinical presentation of oral lesions was aphthous-like ulcers. None of the patients had a previous history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Oral toxicity appeared after a mean period of 5.2 years. A complete resolution of oral ulcers was observed in 4/7 patients (57.2%), 3 patients had no response or new episode that lead to suspension of HU (2 pz, 28.5%) or its dose reduction (1 pz, 14.2%).
4. Discussion
This condition is considered an early complication, mainly within the first year [1,2]. Previous studied reported that from 0.8 to1.8% of all patients treated with HU developed oral aphthous ulcers [2,3]. Our study, with a medium period of 5.2 years of HU, presents a later onset of the oral toxicity. Other authors [3] suggest a therapy based on mouthwashes with folic acid and vitamin A. In our practice, topical corticosteroids and chlorhexidine mouth rinses seem to be a good treatment for oral lesions, but, when failed, the reduction of the HU dose or its suspension are the only way to solve the problem. Good prospective could arrive from the new cytostatic agents (e.g., ruxolitib, anagrelide).
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- Badawi, M.; Almazrooa, S.; Azher, F.; Alsayes, F. Hydroxyurea-induced oral ulceration. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. 2015, 120, e232–e234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
- Latagliata, R.; Spadea, A.; Cedrone, M.; Di Giandomenico, J.; De Muro, M.; Villivà, N.; Breccia, M.; Anaclerico, B.; Porrini, R.; Spirito, F.; et al. Symptomatic mucocutaneous toxicity of hydroxyurea in Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms: The Mister Hyde face of a safe drug. Cancer 2012, 118, 404–409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
- Antonioli, E.; Guglielmelli, P.; Pieri, L.; Finazzi, M.; Rumi, E.; Martinelli, V.; Vianelli, N.; Luigia Randi, M.; Bertozzi, I.; De Stefano, V.; et al. Hydroxyurea-related toxicity in 3411 patients with Ph’-negative MPN. Am. J. Hematol. 2012, 87, 552–554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit] [PubMed]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).