Cobalt-Dispersed Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite for the Selective lectrochemical Detection of Methyl Nicotinate ^†

Abstract

Methyl nicotinate (MN) is an important tuberculosis biomarker, and can be effectively measured using electrochemical methods. In this study, we have developed a novel N-doped phenolic polymer nanocomposite in situ dispersed with reduced graphene oxide and cobalt (Co)-nanoparticles as a sensor electrode (Co-rGO/P_C). Co-nanoparticles were used for the MN recognition. Carbonization was performed for the reduction of GO and the synthesis of Co-nanoparticles. The prepared electrode materials were characterized using SEM, EDS, EIS, and CV. Tested using differential pulse voltammetry, Co-rGO/P_C showed its applicability (RSD < 6%) over 0.05–20.0 mg L⁻¹ MN concentration with high sensitivity (S/N ratio = 3). The present method and materials can also be used for the development of sensors for the other biomarkers.

1. Introduction

Tuberculosis (TB), a chronic bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, affects millions of people, mainly in developing countries [1]. Several antigen-based electrochemical biosensors were developed for detecting TB, showing high selectivity and sensitivity [2], but these sensors are lack of high reusability and repeatability. Efforts to prepare an electrochemical recognition element for methyl nicotinate (MN) produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis [3] have shown excellent outcomes using Co-nanoparticle (NP) as the recognition element. The method was, however, not explored much for diagnosing TB. Graphene-based material has been widely used as electrode materials, among which reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is easy to synthesize and disperse in a liquid [4]. Therefore, a metal-rGO-polymer network may open a new platform for the detection of TB.

Here, we have developed a novel rGO and N-doped amorphous carbon nanocomposite (rGO/P_C) as an electrode material. The sensor (Co-rGO/Pc), prepared by dispersing Co-NPs in electrode was used for measuring MN using Co NP-MN interactions. The prepared electrode materials were characterized using different physico-chemical and electro-chemical characterizations. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were employed for testing the applicability of the prepared Co-rGO/P_C sensor for measuring MN in the synthetic test solution.

2. Materials and Methods

MN was purchased from Tata Chemicals (India). Rest all chemicals were supplied by Merck (India). All electrochemical experiments were performed using a potentiostat (AUTOLAB 302N) in a three electrode assembly with a Pt rod and an Ag/AgCl as auxiliary and reference electrode, respectively. Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by oxidizing graphite, using Hummers’ method [5]. Approximately 1 g of the prepared GO was dispersed in a 50 mL cobalt nitrate (Co(NO₃)₂.6H₂O) solution (0.4 M) using sonication, and the solid-liquid suspension was centrifuged (8000 rpm) followed by drying at room temperature (30 °C). Next, a conductive phenol/formaldehyde copolymer (N-doped) was prepared according to the previous studies [4,6]. At the incipience of gel formation, 1 g cobalt nitrate-dispersed GO was mixed into the mixture. After 10 min the gel was cast on Petri dish (made of Teflon) and dried at 60 °C. The dried film was cut into rectangular shapes and used as working electrode. The films were heated at 600 °C under H₂ gas flow to prepare the electrode (Co-rGO/P_C) via carbonization and reduction. Some electrode samples were made without Co and rGO, and termed as P*_C for the comparison purposes.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Surface Morphology

Electronic images of the prepared GO and the Co-rGO/P_C sensor were acquired using a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and are presented in Figure 1a,b. SEM image corresponding to GO (Figure 1a) showed the presence of few thin layers in the material, confirming the GO formation. Figure 1b showed a porous and smooth uniform surface of Co-rGO/P_C. EDS data measured for the Co-rGO/P_C confirmed the presence of Co in the sensor and N-doping (Figure 1c).

3.2. Electrochemical Characterization and Measurements

Different impedance components, namely, solution resistance (Rs) and charge transfer resistance (Rct) of P*_C and Co-rGO/P_C were measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at 0.0 V, and the data are summarized in

Table 1. Measured electrochemical parameters.

Electrodes	Rs (Ω)	Rct (Ω)	Potentials for MN Measurements
			Cathodic (V)	Anodic (V)
P*C	~23	~17	absent	−0.55
Co-rGO/PC	~20	~10	0.12	−0.45

. A lesser value for both, Rs and Rct were measured in Co-rGO/P_C (~20 and 10 Ω, respectively), compared to P*_C, confirming an increase in the electrical conductivity of the electrode material because of the Co NPs and rGO.

CV method was used to study the potential driven MN measurements over −1.0 to +1.0 V at a scan rate of 10 mV s⁻¹ using Co-rGO/P_C, immersed in MN solution (50 mg L⁻¹, pH 6.0). A couple of peaks near +0.12 V (cathodic) and −0.45 V (anodic) was observed (Table 1), attributed to the reduction and oxidation of surface adsorbed MN molecules. However, the anodic peak current was observed to be significantly small in both, rGO/P_C (data not shown) and P*_C, indicating the electro-catalytic effects of Co NPs in oxidation.

3.3. DPV Measurements

Measurements were taken between −1.7 to +1.0 V at a scan rate of 10 mV s⁻¹ using Co-rGO/P_C sensor immersed in 40 mL MN solutions of different concentrations over 0.0001 and 50 mg L⁻¹. A maximum peak current was observed near 0.4 V, indicating the oxidation by Co NPs (Figure 1d). The current value was observed to be steadily decreasing with increasing concentrations over 0.05 to 20 mg L⁻¹. The data clearly revealed that the MN molecules were adsorbed on the surface of the electrode via a complex formation when the Co NPs were present, and the free Co NPs were oxidized at 0.4 V. With increasing MN concentrations, the surface coverage increased upto a particular value, and therefore, a decrease in current was observed corresponding to the oxidation by Co.

4. Conclusions

The Co-rGO/P_C sensor electrode developed in this study showed promising electrochemical characteristics, viz. low values of the resistances. The prepared electrode was successfully tested for measuring MN with Co NPs functioning as the recognition element. The presence of Co NPs in the material also enhanced the conductivity of the electrode. The prepared sensor showed its applicability over a wide concentration range (0.05–20 mg L⁻¹) for the precise and accurate measurement of MN for diagnosing TB.