Winter Malting Barley Growth, Yield, and Quality following Leguminous Cover Crops in the Northeast United States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Cover Crop Biomass and Nitrogen Content
3.2. Soil Nitrate in the Fall and Spring
3.3. Barley Seeding Rate Impact on Stand Establishment, Winter Survival, and Growth of Barley
3.4. Influence of Cover Crop Species and Barley Seeding Rate on Barley Yield and Malting Quality Characteristics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Month | Avg Temp (°C) | Departure from Avg. * | Max Temp (°C) | Departure from Avg. | Min Temp (°C) | Departure from Avg. | Total Precipitation (cm) | Departure from Avg. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | July | 21.1 | −1.3 | 32.7 | 4.0 | 11.3 | −4.8 | 8.4 | −2.1 |
August | 21.1 | −0.3 | 32.5 | 4.6 | 11.3 | −3.7 | 6.4 | −3.9 | |
September | 18.3 | 0.9 | 33.0 | 8.8 | 4.9 | −5.7 | 16.3 | 4.9 | |
October | 9.2 | −1.4 | 23.3 | 6.3 | −7.4 | −11.8 | 5.6 | −7.4 | |
November | 6.2 | 1.7 | 23.1 | 12.7 | −8.9 | −7.5 | 5.1 | −3 | |
December | 4.0 | 4.8 | 16.4 | 12.2 | −5.5 | 0.4 | 11.9 | 1.3 | |
2016 | January | −2.7 | 1.6 | 11.0 | 9.7 | −15.5 | −5.5 | 3.8 | −3.7 |
February | −1.9 | 1.3 | 14.9 | 12.0 | −26.1 | −16.8 | 10.4 | 2.4 | |
March | 4.7 | 3.2 | 25.5 | 18.0 | −8 | −3.5 | 8.4 | 0.1 | |
April | 7.4 | −0.8 | 26.2 | 11.2 | −11 | −12.5 | 5.3 | −4.5 | |
May | 14.2 | −0.2 | 32.6 | 11.6 | −1.7 | −9.5 | 6.6 | −2.7 | |
June | 19.1 | −0.2 | 30.9 | 5.5 | 5.3 | −7.7 | 3.6 | −8.7 | |
July | 22.3 | −0.1 | 34.4 | 5.7 | 9.9 | −6.1 | 4.3 | −6.2 | |
August | 22.2 | 0.8 | 33.6 | 5.7 | 8.9 | −6.1 | 4.6 | −5.6 | |
September | 17.7 | 0.3 | 30.6 | 6.4 | 2.7 | −8 | 9.3 | −2 | |
October | 10.3 | −0.4 | 23.8 | 6.9 | −4 | −8.4 | 5.4 | −7.6 | |
November | 4.2 | −0.3 | 19.0 | 8.6 | −6.5 | −5.1 | 8.2 | 0.1 | |
December | −1.6 | −0.7 | 11.4 | 7.2 | −19.2 | −13.3 | 7.7 | −2.9 | |
2017 | January | −1.3 | 3.0 | 13.6 | 12.2 | −18.7 | −8.7 | 7.0 | −0.5 |
February | −0.3 | 2.8 | 20.8 | 17.8 | −18.6 | −9.2 | 3.8 | −4.2 | |
March | −0.8 | −2.4 | 15.4 | 7.9 | −14.4 | −10 | 4.0 | −4.3 | |
April | 10.2 | 2.0 | 29.0 | 14.0 | −3.7 | −5.2 | 11.1 | 1.3 | |
May | 13.0 | −1.4 | 33.3 | 12.3 | 0.2 | −7.6 | 8.2 | −1.1 | |
June | 18.8 | −0.4 | 34.4 | 9.0 | 4.7 | −8.3 | 11.8 | −0.5 | |
July | 20.6 | −1.8 | 32.3 | 3.6 | 10.7 | −5.4 | 5.7 | −4.8 |
Cover Crop Type | Cover Crop Dry Matter Yield | Cover Crop Nitrogen Content | Cover Crop Nitrogen Yield | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(t ha−1) | (g kg−1) | (kg ha−1) | ||||
Sunn Hemp | 2.90 | a | 27.1 | b | 78.7 | a |
Crimson Clover | 0.59 | b | 29.4 | b | 17.5 | c |
Sunn Hemp and Crimson Clover | 2.24 | a | 25.6 | b | 57.4 | a |
No Cover Crop | 0.87 | b | 37.3 | a | 32.5 | b |
Overall Experiment Mean | ||||||
1.82 | 27.3 | 49.6 | ||||
Effect Significance | ||||||
Cover Crop Type | *** | * | *** |
Cover Crop Type | Fall Soil Nitrate (mg kg−1) | Spring Soil Nitrate (mg kg−1) | |
---|---|---|---|
Sunn Hemp | 3.3 | a | 7.2 |
Crimson Clover | 2.0 | b | 6.7 |
Sunn Hemp and Crimson Clover | 2.8 | ab | 6.3 |
No Cover Crop | 2.1 | b | 5.9 |
Overall Experiment Mean | |||
2.5 | 6.5 | ||
Effect Significance | |||
Cover Crop Type | ** | ns |
Barley Seeding Rate | Barley Population (Plants m−2) | Winter Survival (Percent) | Heading Date (Julian Day) | Height (cm) | Foliar Disease | Lodging | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Percent of Plants Affected) | ||||||||
300 seeds m−2 | 288.5 | b | 95.3 | b | 139.9 | 54.1 | 52.5 | 10.4 |
350 seeds m−2 | 355.0 | a | 97.8 | ab | 139.0 | 56.6 | 47.5 | 11.8 |
400 seeds m−2 | 369.1 | a | 98.4 | a | 139.6 | 54.9 | 47.5 | 10.5 |
Overall Experiment Mean | ||||||||
337.5 | 97.2 | 139.5 | 55.2 | 49.2 | 10.9 | |||
Effect Significance | ||||||||
Barley Seeding Rate | *** | ** | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Cover Crop Type | Barley Seeding Rate | Grain Yield (13.5% Moisture) | Protein (0% Moisture) | Test Weight | 1000 Kernel Weight | Germinative Energy | Falling Number | DON |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(seeds m−2) | (t ha−1) | (g kg−1) | (kg hl−1) | (g) | (percent) | (seconds) | (mg kg−1) | |
Sunn Hemp | 300 | 3.53 | 118.4 | 58.68 | 46.40 | 80.38 | 233.9 | 0.20 |
350 | 3.95 | 107.7 | 58.15 | 45.89 | 84.38 | 231.0 | 0.18 | |
400 | 3.75 | 110.0 | 58.06 | 45.55 | 79.75 | 234.4 | 0.10 | |
Crimson Clover | 300 | 3.15 | 114.8 | 58.66 | 47.00 | 85.00 | 237.3 | 0.17 |
350 | 3.24 | 106.9 | 58.60 | 46.14 | 84.00 | 221.8 | 0.10 | |
400 | 3.77 | 114.3 | 57.90 | 46.70 | 80.00 | 227.0 | 0.20 | |
Sunn Hemp and Crimson Clover | 300 | 3.62 | 108.5 | 59.15 | 45.73 | 81.63 | 221.5 | 0.18 |
350 | 3.85 | 111.0 | 58.28 | 47.13 | 89.13 | 212.1 | 0.15 | |
400 | 3.54 | 109.0 | 58.58 | 45.70 | 81.38 | 214.9 | 0.19 | |
No Cover Crop | 300 | 3.25 | 112.3 | 56.57 | 46.54 | 82.00 | 230.5 | 0.05 |
350 | 3.23 | 111.1 | 58.85 | 46.43 | 79.38 | 211.5 | 0.15 | |
400 | 3.48 | 110.9 | 57.50 | 45.36 | 77.00 | 221.4 | 0.25 | |
Cover Crop Type | ||||||||
Sunn Hemp | 3.74 | 112.0 | 58.30 | 45.95 | 81.50 | 233.1 | 0.16 | |
Crimson Clover | 3.39 | 111.9 | 58.39 | 46.61 | 83.00 | 228.3 | 0.15 | |
Sunn Hemp and Crimson Clover | 3.67 | 109.5 | 58.67 | 46.18 | 84.04 | 216.2 | 0.17 | |
No Cover Crop | 3.32 | 111.5 | 57.64 | 46.11 | 79.46 | 221.1 | 0.15 | |
Barley Seeding Rate | ||||||||
300 seeds m−2 | 3.39 | 113.5 | 58.26 | 46.42 | 82.25 | 230.6 | 0.15 | |
350 seeds m−2 | 3.57 | 109.2 | 58.47 | 46.39 | 84.22 | 219.1 | 0.14 | |
400 seeds m−2 | 3.64 | 111.1 | 58.01 | 45.83 | 79.53 | 224.4 | 0.18 | |
Overall Experiment Mean | ||||||||
3.53 | 111.2 | 58.25 | 46.21 | 82.00 | 224.6 | 0.16 | ||
Effect Significance | ||||||||
Cover Crop Type | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | * | ns | |
Barley Seeding Rate | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
Cover Crop Type × Seeding Rate | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
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Siller, A.; Darby, H.; Smychkovich, A.; Hashemi, M. Winter Malting Barley Growth, Yield, and Quality following Leguminous Cover Crops in the Northeast United States. Nitrogen 2021, 2, 415-427. https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen2040028
Siller A, Darby H, Smychkovich A, Hashemi M. Winter Malting Barley Growth, Yield, and Quality following Leguminous Cover Crops in the Northeast United States. Nitrogen. 2021; 2(4):415-427. https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen2040028
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiller, Arthur, Heather Darby, Alexandra Smychkovich, and Masoud Hashemi. 2021. "Winter Malting Barley Growth, Yield, and Quality following Leguminous Cover Crops in the Northeast United States" Nitrogen 2, no. 4: 415-427. https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen2040028
APA StyleSiller, A., Darby, H., Smychkovich, A., & Hashemi, M. (2021). Winter Malting Barley Growth, Yield, and Quality following Leguminous Cover Crops in the Northeast United States. Nitrogen, 2(4), 415-427. https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen2040028