Polymorphism of Drug Resistance Genes dhfr and dhps in Plasmodium falciparum Isolates among Chinese Migrant Workers Who Returned from Ghana in 2013
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Considerations
2.2. Sample Collection and DNA Extraction
2.3. PCR Amplification and Sequencing
2.4. Chronological Analysis of SP Resistance
3. Results
3.1. Mutations in the dhfr Gene
3.2. Mutations in the dhps Gene
3.3. dhfr/dhps Haplotype Combination
3.4. Chronological Analysis of SP Resistance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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dhfr | First round | 5′-TCCTTTTTATGATGGAACAAG-3′ |
5′-AGTATATACATCGCTAACAGA-3′ | ||
Second round | 5′-TTTATGATGGAACAAGTCTGC-3′ | |
5′-ACTCATTTTCATTTATTTCTGG-3′ | ||
dhps | First round | 5′-AACCTAAACGTGCTGTTCAA-3′ |
5′-AATTGTGTGATTTGTCCACAA-3′ | ||
Second round | 5′-ATGATAAATGAAGGTGCTAG-3′ | |
5′-TCATTTTGTTGTTCATCATGT-3′ |
Gene | Year | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duah’s Study | Our Study | Amenga-Etego’s Study | ||||||||||||||
2003– 2004 | 2005– 2006 | 2007– 2008 | 2010 | 2013 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |||
dhfr | Point allele | I51 | 49 | 49.1 | 60.8 | 60.7 | 83.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
R59 | 52.2 | 61.9 | 71.9 | 80.9 | 94.9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
N108 | 69.7 | 68.9 | 76.6 | 80.9 | 96.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Haplotype | IN | 9 | 11.1 | 7.6 | 3.4 | 1.5 | 3.3 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 6.1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 5.7 | 4.8 | 2.2 | |
RN | 15 | 22 | 17.3 | 21.2 | 13.1 | 7.5 | 9.2 | 14.5 | 6.1 | 20.7 | 18.5 | 7.1 | 16.1 | 24.6 | ||
IRN | 35.3 | 28.8 | 46.1 | 53.9 | 81.8 | 80 | 77.2 | 76.4 | 66.7 | 67.5 | 73.6 | 79.8 | 70.7 | 67.9 | ||
dhps | Point allele | G437 | 59.2 | 71.5 | 80 | 77.6 | 95.2 | 2.5 | 33.7 | 9.1 | 39.4 | 55.4 | 64 | 71.2 | 69.5 | 78.2 |
E540 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 3.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.0 | 0 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 0 | ||
S613 | - | - | - | - | 2.7 | 14.2 | 19 | 18.2 | 6.1 | 7.1 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 6.9 | ||
Haplotype | G437E540 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 3.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.0 | 0 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 0 | |
A436G437S613 | - | - | - | - | 1.4 | 2.5 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 6.1 | 2.5 | 9.6 | 4.6 | 8.0 | 4.2 | ||
dhfr/dhps haplotype combination | Triple 1 | - | - | - | - | 7.5 | 3.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.5 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0 | 2.8 | |
Quadruple 2 | - | - | - | - | 50.7 | 43.9 | 49.4 | 87.5 | 59.1 | 45.2 | 25.7 | 10.1 | 21.1 | 20.6 | ||
Quintuple 3 | - | - | - | - | 30.1 | 52.6 | 50.6 | 12.5 | 40.9 | 49.3 | 72.9 | 88.6 | 78.9 | 76.6 | ||
Sextuple 4 | - | - | - | - | 1.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
dhfr/dhps Haplotype Combinations | Prevalence % (n) | |
---|---|---|
Triple | R59N108/G437 | 7.5 (11/146) |
Quadruple | I51R59N108/G437 | 41.1 (60/146) |
I51R59N108/A436 | 3.4 (5/146) | |
R59N108/A436G437 | 3.4 (5/146) | |
R59N108/G437E540 | 0.7 (1/146) | |
R59N108/G437S613 | 0.7 (1/146) | |
I51N108/A436G437 | 0.7 (1/146) | |
I51N108/G437E540 | 0.7 (1/146) | |
Quintuple | I51R59N108/A436G437 | 27.4 (40/146) |
I51R59N108/G437E540 | 2.1 (3/146) | |
I51R59N108/Y436S613 | 0.7 (1/146) | |
Sextuple | I51R59N108/A436G437S613 | 1.4 (2/146) |
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Quan, H.; Yu, P.; Kassegne, K.; Shen, H.-M.; Chen, S.-B.; Chen, J.-H. Polymorphism of Drug Resistance Genes dhfr and dhps in Plasmodium falciparum Isolates among Chinese Migrant Workers Who Returned from Ghana in 2013. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8, 504. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8110504
Quan H, Yu P, Kassegne K, Shen H-M, Chen S-B, Chen J-H. Polymorphism of Drug Resistance Genes dhfr and dhps in Plasmodium falciparum Isolates among Chinese Migrant Workers Who Returned from Ghana in 2013. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2023; 8(11):504. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8110504
Chicago/Turabian StyleQuan, Hong, Peng Yu, Kokouvi Kassegne, Hai-Mo Shen, Shen-Bo Chen, and Jun-Hu Chen. 2023. "Polymorphism of Drug Resistance Genes dhfr and dhps in Plasmodium falciparum Isolates among Chinese Migrant Workers Who Returned from Ghana in 2013" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 8, no. 11: 504. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8110504