Suboptimal Follow-Up on HIV Test Results among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Community-Based Study in Two U.S. Cities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedures
2.2. Participant and Data Collection
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total (N = 347) n (%) | Not Always (N = 94) n (%) | Always (N = 253) n (%) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.0005 | |||
<25 | 147 (42.4) | 54 (57.4) | 93 (36.8) | |
≥25 | 200 (57.6) | 40 (42.6) | 160 (63.2) | |
Race | 0.1716 | |||
White | 109 (31.4) | 30 (31.9) | 79 (31.2) | |
Black or African American | 209 (60.2) | 52 (55.3) | 157 (62.1) | |
Other a | 29 (8.4) | 12 (12.8) | 17 (6.7) | |
Education | <.0001 | |||
High school diploma or less | 71 (20.5) | 34 (36.2) | 37 (14.6) | |
Some college | 138 (39.8) | 38 (40.4) | 100 (39.5) | |
College degree or higher | 138 (39.8) | 22 (23.4) | 116 (45.8) | |
Employment | 0.0809 | |||
Employed | 243 (70.0) | 61 (64.9) | 182 (71.9) | |
Unemployed | 51 (14.7) | 12 (12.8) | 39 (15.4) | |
Student | 53 (15.3) | 21 (22.3) | 32 (12.6) | |
Income | 0.0109 | |||
Less than $20,000 | 144 (41.5) | 49 (52.1) | 95 (37.5) | |
$20,000 to less than $40,000 | 132 (38.0) | 24 (25.5) | 108 (42.7) | |
$40,000 or more | 71 (20.5) | 21 (22.3) | 50 (19.8) | |
Insurance | 0.0094 | |||
No | 65 (18.7) | 26 (27.7) | 39 (15.4) | |
Yes | 282 (81.3) | 68 (72.3) | 214 (84.6) | |
Sexual orientation | 0.0002 | |||
Gay/homosexual | 267 (76.9) | 60 (63.8) | 207 (81.8) | |
Heterosexual | 32 (9.2) | 18 (19.1) | 14 (5.5) | |
Bisexual | 48 (13.8) | 16 (17.0) | 32 (12.6) | |
HIV risk perception | 0.0543 | |||
High/very high | 271 (78.1) | 80 (85.1) | 191 (75.5) | |
No/low | 76 (21.9) | 14 (14.9) | 62 (24.5) | |
Sexual orientation disclosure to healthcare professionals | <0.0001 | |||
No | 82 (23.6) | 37 (39.4) | 45 (17.8) | |
Yes | 265 (76.4) | 57 (60.6) | 208 (82.2) | |
Venues to find sex partners | <0.0001 | |||
Gay-frequented venues | 61 (17.6) | 9 (9.6) | 52 (20.6) | |
Internet/website | 55 (15.9) | 29 (30.9) | 26 (10.3) | |
Social media app | 231 (66.6) | 56 (59.6) | 175 (69.2) |
Characteristics | Total (N = 347) n (%) | Not Always (N = 94) n (%) | Always (N = 253) n (%) | aOR (95% CI) a |
---|---|---|---|---|
Condomless receptive anal sex with a man in the past six months | ||||
No | 146 (42.9) | 33 (36.7) | 113 (45.2) | Reference |
Yes | 194 (57.1) | 57 (63.3) | 137 (54.8) | 2.05 (1.13, 3.69) |
Condomless insertive anal sex with a man in the past six months | ||||
No | 137 (40.4) | 35 (38.9) | 102 (41.0) | Reference |
Yes | 202 (59.6) | 55 (61.1) | 147 (59.0) | 1.37 (0.78, 2.43) |
Group sex with other men in the past six months | ||||
No | 243 (71.5) | 59 (65.6) | 184 (73.6) | Reference |
Yes | 97 (28.5) | 31 (34.4) | 66 (26.4) | 2.03 (1.12, 3.68) |
Condomless sex with HIV-positive men in the past six months | ||||
No | 258 (77.9) | 64 (76.2) | 194 (78.5) | Reference |
Yes | 73 (22.1) | 20 (23.8) | 53 (21.5) | 1.56 (0.80, 3.03) |
Alcohol use before or during sex with a man in the past six months | ||||
No | 143 (41.2) | 46 (48.9) | 97 (38.3) | Reference |
Yes | 204 (58.8) | 48 (51.1) | 156 (61.7) | 1.03 (0.58, 1.83) |
Recreational drug use before or during sex with a man in the past six months b | ||||
No | 207 (59.7) | 50 (53.2) | 157 (62.1) | Reference |
Yes | 140 (40.3) | 44 (46.8) | 96 (37.9) | 1.82 (1.05, 3.14) |
Current tobacco use in the past 12 months c | ||||
No | 89 (25.6) | 22 (23.4) | 67 (26.5) | Reference |
Yes | 258 (74.4) | 72 (76.6) | 186 (73.5) | 1.41 (0.76, 2.59) |
Alcohol binge in the past 12 months d | ||||
No | 100 (28.8) | 26 (27.7) | 74 (29.2) | Reference |
Yes | 247 (71.2) | 68 (72.3) | 179 (70.8) | 0.97 (0.55, 1.71) |
Recreational drug use in the past 12 months b | ||||
No | 66 (19.0) | 21 (22.3) | 45 (17.8) | Reference |
Yes | 281 (81.0) | 73 (77.7) | 208 (82.2) | 1.02 (0.53, 1.96) |
Characteristics | Total (N = 347) n (%) | Not Always (N = 94) n (%) | Always (N = 253) n (%) | aOR (95% CI) a |
---|---|---|---|---|
Housing stability, median (IQR) | 9 (7–10) | 8 (5–10) | 9 (8–10) | 0.87 (0.80, 0.96) |
Food insecurity, median (IQR) | 0 (0–4) | 2 (0–4) | 0 (0–3) | 1.12 (1.00, 1.26) |
Social support, median (IQR) | 75 (57–90) | 66 (56–76) | 76 (58–93) | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) |
Resilience, median (IQR) | 29 (23–35) | 26 (21–31) | 30 (24–36) | 0.96 (0.94, 0.99) |
Internalized homophobia, median (IQR) | 5 (4–10) | 6 (4–12) | 4 (4–9) | 1.08 (1.02, 1.15) |
Suicidal thoughts/behaviors, median (IQR) | 5 (3–8) | 4 (3–9) | 5 (3–7) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) |
HIV-related stigma, median (IQR) | 30 (24–36) | 32 (25–36) | 30 (24–36) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) |
Loneliness, median (IQR) | 19 (16–23) | 20 (15–23) | 19 (16–23) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) |
Anxiety | ||||
Low risk of anxiety | 224 (64.6) | 57 (60.6) | 167 (66.0) | Reference |
High risk of anxiety | 123 (35.4) | 37 (39.4) | 86 (34.0) | 1.13 (0.65, 1.94) |
Depression | ||||
Low risk of depression | 158 (45.5) | 40 (42.6) | 118 (46.6) | Reference |
High risk of depression | 189 (54.5) | 54 (57.4) | 135 (53.4) | 1.40 (0.83, 2.37) |
Stress | ||||
Low risk of stress | 70 (20.2) | 6 (6.4) | 64 (25.3) | Reference |
High risk of stress | 277 (79.8) | 88 (93.6) | 189 (74.7) | 4.49 (1.82, 11.12) |
HIV Prevention Measures | Total (N = 347) n (%) | Not Always (N = 94) n (%) | Always (N = 253) n (%) | aOR (95% CI) a |
---|---|---|---|---|
PrEP awareness | ||||
No | 66 (19.0) | 36 (38.3) | 30 (11.9) | Reference |
Yes | 281 (81.0) | 58 (61.7) | 223 (88.1) | 0.37 (0.17, 0.79) |
PrEP use (ever) | ||||
No | 231 (66.6) | 73 (77.7) | 158 (62.5) | Reference |
Yes | 116 (33.4) | 21 (22.3) | 95 (37.5) | 0.82 (0.44, 1.55) |
Home testing (ever) | ||||
No | 247 (71.2) | 63 (67.0) | 184 (72.7) | Reference |
Yes | 100 (28.8) | 31 (33.0) | 69 (27.3) | 1.52 (0.85, 2.74) |
HIV testing in the past 12 months | ||||
No | 66 (19.0) | 38 (40.4) | 28 (11.1) | Reference |
Yes | 281 (81.0) | 56 (59.6) | 225 (88.9) | 0.14 (0.07, 0.27) |
HIV testing in the past 6 months | ||||
No | 92 (26.5) | 41 (43.6) | 51 (20.2) | Reference |
Yes | 255 (73.5) | 53 (56.4) | 202 (79.8) | 0.26 (0.14, 0.45) |
HIV testing in the past 3 months | ||||
No | 128 (36.9) | 48 (51.1) | 80 (31.6) | Reference |
Yes | 219 (63.1) | 46 (48.9) | 173 (68.4) | 0.43 (0.25, 0.73) |
HIV testing confidence | ||||
No | 197 (56.8) | 73 (77.7) | 124 (49.0) | Reference |
Yes | 150 (43.2) | 21 (22.3) | 129 (51.0) | 0.30 (0.16, 0.53) |
Condom use self-efficacy | ||||
No | 187 (53.9) | 60 (63.8) | 127 (50.2) | Reference |
Yes | 160 (46.1) | 34 (36.2) | 126 (49.8) | 0.54 (0.32, 0.92) |
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Wang, Y.; Mitchell, J.; Zhang, C.; Brown, L.; Przybyla, S.; Liu, Y. Suboptimal Follow-Up on HIV Test Results among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Community-Based Study in Two U.S. Cities. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7, 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7070139
Wang Y, Mitchell J, Zhang C, Brown L, Przybyla S, Liu Y. Suboptimal Follow-Up on HIV Test Results among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Community-Based Study in Two U.S. Cities. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2022; 7(7):139. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7070139
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Ying, Jason Mitchell, Chen Zhang, Lauren Brown, Sarahmona Przybyla, and Yu Liu. 2022. "Suboptimal Follow-Up on HIV Test Results among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Community-Based Study in Two U.S. Cities" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 7: 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7070139
APA StyleWang, Y., Mitchell, J., Zhang, C., Brown, L., Przybyla, S., & Liu, Y. (2022). Suboptimal Follow-Up on HIV Test Results among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Community-Based Study in Two U.S. Cities. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 7(7), 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7070139