Design for Sustained Wellbeing through Positive Activities—A Multi-Stage Framework
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Design for Sustained Wellbeing
Wellbeing Design Frameworks
3. The Framework for Sustained Wellbeing Promoted by Technology
3.1. Framework Development
3.2. Framework Structure
3.3. Framework Stages
3.3.1. Positive Activities
3.3.2. Positive Experiences
3.3.3. Sustained Wellbeing
3.3.4. Drivers of Behavior
3.3.5. Product Interaction
3.4. Relationships between Stages
4. Discussion
4.1. Understanding Technologies’ Contribution to Sustained Wellbeing
4.2. Designing for Sustained Wellbeing
4.3. Measuring Sustained Wellbeing in Relation to Products
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Seligman, M.E.P. Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being; Free Press: New York, NY, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Lyubomirsky, S.; Sheldon, K.M.; Schkade, D. Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 2005, 9, 111–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lyubomirsky, S. The How of Happiness: A Scientific Approach to Getting the Life You Want; Penguin Press: New York, NY, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Sin, N.L.; Lyubomirsky, S. Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice-friendly meta-analysis. J. Clin. Psychol. 2009, 65, 467–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bolier, L.; Haverman, M.; Westerhof, G.J.; Riper, H.; Smit, F.; Bohlmeijer, E. Positive psychology interventions: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. BMC Public Health 2013, 13, 119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Desmet, P.M.A.; Pohlmeyer, A.E. Positive design: An introduction to design for subjective well-being. Int. J. Des. 2013, 7, 5–19. [Google Scholar]
- Pohlmeyer, A.E. How design can (not) support human flourishing. In Positive Psychology Interventions in Practice; Proctor, C., Ed.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; pp. 235–255. [Google Scholar]
- Kahneman, D. Objective happiness. In Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology; Kahneman, D., Diener, E., Schwarz, N., Eds.; Russell Sage Foundation: New York, NY, USA, 1999; pp. 3–25. [Google Scholar]
- Diefenbach, S.; Kolb, N.; Hassenzahl, M. The “Hedonic” in Human-Computer Interaction: History, Contributions, and Future Research Directions. In Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS’14), Vancouver, BC, Canada, 21–25 June 2014; ACM: New York, NY, USA; pp. 305–314. [Google Scholar]
- Ryff, C.D. Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1989, 57, 1069–1081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hassenzahl, M.; Diefenbach, S.; Göritz, A. Needs, affect, and interactive products—Facets of user experience. Interact. Comput. 2010, 22, 353–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Desmet, P.; Hassenzahl, M. Towards Happiness: Possibility-Driven Design. In Human-Computer Interaction: The Agency Perspective. Studies in Computational Intelligence; Zacarias, M., de Oliveira, J.V., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2012; Volume 396, pp. 3–27. [Google Scholar]
- Pohlmeyer, A.E. Design for happiness. Interfaces 2012, 92, 8–11. [Google Scholar]
- Richins, M.L.; Dawson, S. A consumer values orientation for materialism and its measurement: Scale development and validation. J. Consum. Res. 1992, 19, 303–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kasser, T. The High Price of Materialism; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Carter, T.J.; Gilovich, T. Getting the most for the money: The hedonic return on experiential and material purchases. In Consumption and Well-Being in the Material World; Tatzel, M., Ed.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Nicolao, L.; Irwin, J.R.; Goodman, J.K. Happiness for sale: Do experiential purchases make consumers happier than material purchases? J. Consum. Res. 2009, 36, 188–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lyubomirsky, S.; Layous, K. How do simple positive activities increase well-being? Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 2013, 22, 57–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lyubomirsky, S. Why are some people happier than others? The role of cognitive and motivational processes in well-being. Am. Psychol. 2001, 56, 239–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Seligman, M.E.P.; Steen, T.A.; Park, N.; Peterson, C. Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. Am. Psychol. 2005, 60, 410–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Dunn, E.; Aknin, L.; Norton, M. Spending money on others promotes happiness. Science 2008, 319, 1687–1688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Borgonovi, F. Doing well by doing good. The relationship between formal volunteering and self-reported health and happiness. Soc. Sci. Med. 2008, 66, 2321–2334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fokkinga, S.; Hekkert, P.; Desmet, P.; Özcan, E. From product to effect: Towards a Human-Centered Model of Product Impact. In Proceedings of the 6th Design Research Society Conference (DRS’14), Umea, Sweden, 16–19 June 2014; pp. 71–83. [Google Scholar]
- Peters, D.; Calvo, R.A.; Ryan, R.M. Designing for motivation, engagement and wellbeing in digital experience. Front. Psychol. 2018, 9, 797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wiese, L.; Pohlmeyer, A.; Hekkert, P. Activities as a Gateway to Sustained Subjective Well-Being Mediated by Products. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS’19), San Diego, CA, USA, 23–28 June 2019; ACM: New York, NY, USA; pp. 85–97. [Google Scholar]
- Kuss, D.; Griffiths, M.; Karila, L.; Billieux, J. Internet addiction: A systematic review of epidemiological research for the last decade. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2014, 20, 4026–4052. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Burke, M.; Marlow, C.; Lento, T. Social Network Activity and Social Well-Being. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’10), Atlanta, GA, USA, 10–15 April 2010; ACM: New York, NY, USA; pp. 1909–1912. [Google Scholar]
- Keles, B.; McCrae, N.; Grealish, A. A systematic review: The influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents. Int. J. Adolesc. Youth 2020, 25, 79–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Calvo, R.A.; Peters, D. Positive Computing: Technology for Well-Being and Human Potential; The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Diefenbach, S. The potential and challenges of digital well-being interventions: Positive technology research and design in light of the bitter-sweet ambivalence of change. Front. Psychol. 2018, 9, 331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pohlmeyer, A.; Desmet, P. From good to the greater good. In Routledge Handbook of Sustainable Product Design; Chapman, J., Ed.; Routledge-Taylor & Francis Group: London, UK, 2017; pp. 469–486. [Google Scholar]
- Riva, G.; Baños, R.M.; Botella, C.; Wiederhold, B.K.; Gaggioli, A. Positive technology: Using interactive technologies to promote positive functioning. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 2012, 15, 69–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hassenzahl, M.; Eckoldt, K.; Diefenbach, S.; Laschke, M.; Lenz, E.; Kim, J. Designing moments of meaning and pleasure. Experience design and happiness. Int. J. Des. 2013, 7, 21–32. [Google Scholar]
- Seligman, M.E.P.; Csikszentmihalyi, M. Positive psychology. An introduction. Am. Psychol. 2000, 55, 5–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sheldon, K.M.; Elliot, A.J.; Kim, Y.; Kasser, T. What is satisfying about satisfying events? Testing 10 candidate psychological needs. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2001, 80, 325–339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ryan, R.M.; Deci, E.L. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Am. Psychol. 2000, 55, 68–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ryan, R.M.; Deci, E.L. Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation Development and Wellness; Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Klapperich, H.; Laschke, M.; Hassenzahl, M. The Positive Practice Canvas: Gathering Inspiration for Wellbeing-Driven Design. In Proceedings of the 10th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (NordiCHI’18), Oslo, Norway, 1–3 October 2018; ACM: New York, NY, USA; pp. 74–81. [Google Scholar]
- Hekler, E.B.; Klasnja, P.; Froehlich, J.E.; Buman, M.P. Mind the Theoretical Gap: Interpreting, Using, and Developing Behavioral Theory in HCI Research. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’13), Paris, France, 27 April–2 May 2013; ACM: New York, NY, USA; pp. 3307–3316. [Google Scholar]
- Huta, V.; Waterman, A.S. Eudaimonia and its distinction from hedonia: Developing a classification and terminology for understanding conceptual and operational definitions. J. Happiness Stud. 2014, 15, 1425–1456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huta, V. An overview of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being concepts. In The Routledge Handbook of Media Use and Well-Being: International Perspectives on Theory and Research on Positive Media Effects; Reinecke, L., Oliver, M., Eds.; Routledge-Taylor & Francis Group: New York, NY, USA, 2017; pp. 14–33. [Google Scholar]
- Conroy, D.E.; Yang, C.H.; Maher, J.P. Behavior change techniques in top-ranked mobile apps for physical activity. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2014, 46, 649–652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hollis, V.; Konrad, A.; Whittaker, S. Change of Heart: Emotion Tracking to Promote Behavior Change. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’15), Seoul, Korea, 18–23 April 2015; ACM: New York, NY, USA; pp. 2643–2652. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, C.-H.; Maher, J.P.; Conroy, D.E. Acceptability of mobile health interventions to reduce inactivity-related health risk in central Pennsylvania adults. Prev. Med. Rep. 2015, 2, 669–672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lyubomirsky, S.; Dickerhoof, R.; Boehm, J.K.; Sheldon, K.M. Becoming happier takes both a will and a proper way: An experimental longitudinal intervention to boost well-being. Emotion 2011, 11, 391–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Michie, S.; Richardson, M.; Johnston, M.; Abraham, C.; Francis, J.; Hardeman, W.; Eccles, M.P.; Cane, J.; Wood, C.E. The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: Building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions. Ann. Behav. Med. 2013, 46, 81–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Michie, S.; Williams, S.; Sniehotta, F.; Dombrowski, S.; Bishop, A.; French, D. A refined taxonomy of behaviour change techniques to help people change their physical activity and healthy eating behaviours: The CALO-RE taxonomy. Psychol. Health 2011, 26, 1479–1498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bull, E.R.; McCleary, N.; Li, X.; Dombrowski, S.U.; Dusseldorp, E.; Johnston, M. Interventions to promote healthy eating, physical activity and smoking in low-income groups: A systematic review with meta-analysis of behavior change techniques and delivery/context. Int. J. Behav. Med. 2018, 25, 605–616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cradock, K.; ÓLaighin, G.; Finucane, F.; McKay, R.; Quinlan, L.; Ginis, K.; Gainforth, H. Diet behavior change techniques in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2017, 40, 1800–1810. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gainforth, H.; Sheals, K.; Atkins, L.; Jackson, R.; Michie, S. Developing interventions to change recycling behaviors: A case study of applying behavioral science. Appl. Environ. Educ. Commun. 2016, 15, 325–339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jordan, P.W. Designing Pleasurable Products: An Introduction to the New Human Factors; Taylor & Francis: London, UK, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Hassenzahl, M. The thing and I: Understanding the relationship between user and product. In Funology: From Usability to Enjoyment; Blythe, M., Overbeeke, K., Monk, A., Wright, P., Eds.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Norwell, MA, USA, 2005; pp. 31–42. [Google Scholar]
- Desmet, P.; Hekkert, P. Framework of product experience. Int. J. Design 2007, 1, 57–66. [Google Scholar]
- Reynolds, T.J.; Gutman, J. Laddering theory, method, analysis, and interpretation. J. Advert. Res. 1988, 28, 11–31. [Google Scholar]
- Gutman, J. A means-end chain model based on consumer categorization processes. J. Mark. 1982, 46, 60–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Robinson, M.D.; Clore, G.L. Belief and feeling: Evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report. Psychol. Bull. 2002, 128, 934–960. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Michie, S.; van Stralen, M.M.; West, R. The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implement. Sci. 2011, 6, 42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fogg, B. A behavior model for persuasive design. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Persuasive Technology (Persuasive ’09), Claremont, CA, USA, 26–29 April 2009; ACM: New York, NY, USA; pp. 1–7. [Google Scholar]
- Brown, N.J.L.; Rohrer, J.M. Easy as (happiness) pie? A critical evaluation of a popular model of the determinants of well-being. J. Happiness Stud. 2020, 21, 1285–1301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- White, C.A.; Uttl, B.; Holder, M.D. Meta-analyses of positive psychology interventions: The effects are much smaller than previously reported. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0216588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sheldon, K.M.; Lyubomirsky, S. Revisiting the sustainable happiness model and pie chart: Can happiness be successfully pursued? J. Posit. Psychol. 2019, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mohr, D.C.; Burns, M.N.; Schueller, S.M.; Clarke, G.; Klinkman, M. Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research in mental health. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 2013, 35, 332–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Calvo, R.A.; Peters, D. Design for Wellbeing—Tools for Research, Practice and Ethics. In Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA’19), Glasgow, Scotland, UK, 4–9 May 2019; ACM: New York, NY, USA; pp. 1–5. [Google Scholar]
- Fredrickson, B.L.; Cohn, M.A.; Coffey, K.A.; Pek, J.; Finkel, S.M. Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2008, 95, 1045–1062. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Dickerhoof, R.M. Expressing Optimism and Gratitude: A Longitudinal Investigation of Cognitive Strategies to Increase Well-Being. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Emmons, R.A.; McCullough, M.E. Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2003, 84, 377–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jiang, J.; Zeng, T.; Zhang, C.; Wang, R. The mediating role of relatedness need satisfaction in the relationship between charitable behavior and well-being: Empirical evidence from China. Int. J. Psychol. 2018, 53, 349–355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Frederick, S.W.; Loewenstein, G. Hedonic adaptation. In Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology; Kahneman, D., Diener, E., Schwarz, N., Eds.; Russell Sage Foundation: New York, NY, USA, 1999; pp. 302–329. [Google Scholar]
- Brickman, P.; Coates, D.; Janoff-Bulman, R. Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative? J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1978, 36, 917–927. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lucas, R.E.; Clark, A.E.; Georgellis, Y.; Diener, E. Reexamining adaptation and the set point model of happiness: Reactions to changes in marital status. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2003, 84, 527–539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boswell, W.R.; Boudreau, J.W.; Tichy, J. The relationship between employee job change and job satisfaction: The honeymoon-hangover effect. J. Appl. Psychol. 2005, 90, 882–892. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sheldon, K.M.; Lyubomirsky, S. The challenge of staying happier: Testing the hedonic adaptation prevention model. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 2012, 38, 670–680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bao, K.J.; Lyubomirsky, S. Making happiness last: Using the hedonic adaptation prevention model to extend the success of positive interventions. In The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Positive Psychological Interventions; Parks, A., Schueller, S., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: Chichester, UK, 2014; pp. 371–384. [Google Scholar]
- Sheldon, K.M.; Boehm, J.; Lyubomirsky, S. Variety is the spice of happiness: The hedonic adaptation prevention model. In The Oxford Handbook of Happiness; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2013; pp. 901–914. [Google Scholar]
- Diener, E. Subjective well-being. Psychol. Bull. 1984, 95, 542–575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ryan, R.M.; Deci, E.L. On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2001, 52, 141–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ryff, C.D.; Singer, B.H. Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. J. Happiness Stud. 2008, 9, 13–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lyubomirsky, S.; King, L.; Diener, E. The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychol. Bull. 2005, 131, 803–855. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gruber, J.; Mauss, I.; Tamir, M. A dark side of happiness? How, when, and why happiness is not always good. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 2011, 6, 222–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dolan, P. Happiness By Design: Change What You Do, Not What You Think; Hudson Street Press: London, UK, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Prochaska, J.; DiClemente, C. Stages of change in the modification of problem behaviors. Prog. Behav. Modif. 1992, 28, 183–218. [Google Scholar]
- Nisbet, E.K.L.; Gick, M.L. Can health psychology help the planet? Applying theory and models of health behaviour to environmental actions. Can. Psychol. Can. 2008, 49, 296–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ludden, G.D.S.; Hekkert, P. Design for Healthy Behavior Design Interventions and Stages of Change. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Design and Emotion 2014: The Colors of Care, Bogota, Colombia, 6–10 October 2014; pp. 482–488. [Google Scholar]
- ISO 9241-210 (2019). Available online: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:9241:-210:ed-2:v1:en (accessed on 30 August 2020).
- Sheldon, K.M.; Elliot, A.J. Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: The self-concordance model. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1999, 76, 482–497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schwarzer, R. Self-efficacy in the adoption and maintenance of health behaviors: Theoretical approaches and a new model. In Self-Efficacy: Thought Control of Action; Hemisphere Publishing Corp.: Washington, DC, USA, 1992; pp. 217–243. [Google Scholar]
- Cohn, M.A.; Fredrickson, B.L. In search of durable positive psychology interventions: Predictors and consequences of long-term positive behavior change. J. Posit. Psychol. 2010, 5, 355–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Proyer, R.T.; Wellenzohn, S.; Gander, F.; Ruch, W. Toward a better understanding of what makes positive psychology interventions work: Predicting happiness and depression from the person × intervention fit in a follow-up after 3.5 years. App. Psychol. Health Well-Being 2015, 7, 108–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bandura, A. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol. Rev. 1977, 84, 191–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- BCTs Taxonomy. Available online: http://www.bcts.23.co.uk/ (accessed on 21 May 2020).
- Hermsen, S.; Frost, J.; Renes, R.J.; Kerkhof, P. Using feedback through digital technology to disrupt and change habitual behavior: A critical review of current literature. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2016, 57, 61–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Diefenbach, S.; Niess, J.; Mehner, B. Technologies for self-improvement: The right communication between product and user. In Technologies for Self-Improvement: The Right Communication between Product and User; Meschtscherjakov, A., De Ruyter, B., Fuchsberger, V., Murer, M., Tscheligi, M., Eds.; Salzburg Center for Human-Computer Interaction, University of Salzburg: Salzburg, Austria, 2016; pp. 10–13. [Google Scholar]
- Desmet, P. Measuring emotion: Development and application of an instrument to measure emotional responses to products. In Funology: From Usability to Enjoyment; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Boston, MA, USA, 2005; pp. 111–123. [Google Scholar]
- Hassenzahl, M.; Burmester, M.; Koller, F. AttrakDiff: Ein Fragebogen zur Messung wahrgenommener hedonischer und pragmatischer Qualität. In Mensch & Computer 2003. Interaktion in Bewegung; Ziegler, J., Szwillus, G., Eds.; B.G. Teubner: Stuttgart, Germany, 2003; pp. 187–196. [Google Scholar]
- Blijlevens, J.; Thurgood, C.; Hekkert, P.; Chen, L.-L.; Leder, H.; Whitfield, T. The Aesthetic Pleasure in Design Scale: The development of a scale to measure aesthetic pleasure for designed artifacts. Psychol. Aesthet. Creat. Arts 2017, 11, 86–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kamp, I.; Desmet, P.M.A. Measuring Product Happiness. In Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the 2014 CHI Conference of Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA’14), Toronto, ON, Canada, 26 April–1 May 2014; ACM: New York, NY, USA; pp. 2509–2514. [Google Scholar]
- Klasnja, P.; Consolvo, S.; Pratt, W. How to Evaluate Technologies for Health Behavior Change in HCI Research. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’11), Vancouver, BC, Canada, 7–12 May 2011; ACM: New York, NY, USA; pp. 3063–3072. [Google Scholar]
- Prochaska, J.O.; Johnson, S.; Lee, P. The transtheoretical model of behavior change. In The Handbook of Health Behavior Change; Springer Publishing Co.: New York, NY, USA, 1998; pp. 59–84. [Google Scholar]
- McCullough, M.E.; Emmons, R.A.; Tsang, J.-A. The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2002, 82, 112–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brown, K.W.; Ryan, R.M. The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2003, 84, 822–848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lawrence, E.J.; Shaw, P.; Baker, D.; Baron-Cohen, S.; David, A.S. Measuring empathy: Reliability and validity of the Empathy Quotient. Psychol. Med. 2004, 34, 911–919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Diener, E.; Emmons, R.; Larsen, R.; Griffin, S. The satisfaction with life scale. J. Pers. Assess. 1985, 49, 71–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bradburn, N.M. The Structure of Psychological Well-Being; Aldine: Oxford, UK, 1969. [Google Scholar]
- Ryff, C.D.; Lee, C.; Keyes, M. The Structure of Psychological Well-Being Revisited. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1995, 69, 719–727. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Positive Activity | Definition 1 | Digital Technologies |
---|---|---|
1. Express Gratitude | Express gratitude for what you have and/or convey your appreciation to one or more individuals whom you have never properly thanked. | Host ratings (AirBnB), seller feedback (eBay, Etsy), endorsements (Yammer), “Say Thanks” videos (Facebook), gratitude apps (e.g., Grateful) |
2. Cultivate Optimism | Imagine the best possible future for yourself and/or practice to look at the bright side of every situation. | Listen to encouraging music, watch inspiring documentaries, journaling |
3. Avoid Social Comparison | Attempt to cut down on how often you compare yourself to others. | Reduce passive browsing on social networks, set time limits, “You’re All Caught Up” (Instagram) |
4. Avoid Overthinking | Attempt to cut down on how often you dwell on your problems. | Reduce obsessive information seeking (“Doctor Google”) |
5. Practice Acts of Kindness | Do good things for others, whether friends or strangers, either directly or anonymously, either spontaneously or planned. | Encouraging kind comments on social media platforms |
6. Nurture Social Relationships | Work on a relationship in need of strengthening, and/or invest time and energy in healing, cultivating, affirming and enjoying it. | Communication with friends (WhatsApp), joining a local community (e.g., Facebook), team collaboration (e.g., Slack), “Online Movie Nights” (Netflix), online dating platforms, video calls |
7. Develop Strategies for Coping | Learn or practice ways to endure or surmount a recent stress, hardship or trauma. | Managing a chronic disease with an app, online therapy, online forums, self-help groups on social media, “School of Life” (educational videos) |
8. Learn to Forgive | Work on letting go of anger and resentment towards one or more individuals who have hurt or wronged you. | Journaling, notetaking |
9. Increase Flow Experiences | Increase the number of experiences at home or at work in which you “lose” yourself, which are challenging or absorbing. | “Mute” notifications, white noise apps, online hackathons, adaptive learning platforms (e.g., Coursera) |
10. Savoring | Pay close attention, take delight and go over life’s momentary pleasures and wonders—through thinking, writing, drawing or sharing with another. | “Your Upcoming Trip” (AirBnB), “Rediscover The Day” (Google photos), “Memories”, “On This Day”(Facebook), journaling apps |
11. Commit to One’s Goals | Select significant goals that are meaningful to you and/or devote time and effort to pursuing them. | Time management (e.g., Trello), budget planning |
12. Take Care of One’s Body | Take care of your body, e.g., exercise, keep a healthy diet. | Running apps, nutrition apps, activity trackers |
13. Take Care of One’s Mind | Meditate, relax, laugh and get plenty of rest | Meditation apps (e.g., Headspace), sleep trackers |
14. Contribute to the Greater Good | Giving back to society, e.g., protect the environment, support one’s local community, volunteering, charitable giving | Eco-friendly shopping, offset carbon emissions for flights or online purchases, “Birthday Fundraiser” (Facebook) |
Mechanism | Goal? | Literature | Examples |
---|---|---|---|
Education | Enhance knowledge and understanding needed to perform the activity 2 | Michie et al. [46,57] | Mood tracking, metaphors |
Training | Support a person to build up necessary skills to perform the activity 2 | Michie et al. [46,57] | Teach meditation techniques through tutorial videos |
Persuasion | Use communication to prompt positive or negative feelings or trigger the activity 2 | Michie et al. [46,57] | Daily affirmations or mantras provided by a meditation app |
Rewards | Provide positive incentives (e.g., material, social) for showing effort and/or progress in performing the activity 2 | Michie et al. [46,57] | Receive supportive comments for a post in a special interest social media group |
Modeling | Introduce a role model to aspire to or imitate 2 | Michie et al. [46,57] | Personally introduce the teacher in a meditation app |
Goal setting | Define favorable (e.g., specific, realistic, intrinsic) goals related to performing the activity 2 | Michie et al. [46,57] Sheldon and Elliot [85] | Break goals down into subgoals with the help of checklists (e.g., Trello) |
Action planning | Support detailed planning of the activity, e.g., duration, frequency, context, intensity 2 | Michie et al. [46,57] Schwarzer [86] | Structure activity in different (learning) modules |
Feedback | Provide (helpful, informative) feedback on the performance of an activity 2 | Michie et al. [46,57] | Indicate progress and achievements, e.g., through badges, levels, etc. |
Monitoring | Provide opportunity to track and record the outcomes of an activity 2 | Michie et al. [46,57] | Provide opportunity to track frequency, duration and/or outcome of an activity, e.g., through timelines, dashboards, statistics, etc. |
Social support | Provide support or praise from close social contacts for performing the activity 2 | Michie et al. [46,57] Lyubomirsky and Layous [18] | Practice meditation together with a “meditation buddy” |
Prompts/Cues | Define a stimulus to prompt/cue the activity 2 | Michie et al. [46,57] | Reminders, notifications |
Variation 3 | Allow to practice the activity in varied ways | Sheldon et al. [72] Lyubomirsky and Layous [18] Bao and Lyubomirsky [73] | Themed meditation packages |
Frequency, Timing 4 | Allow to adjust frequency and duration of the activity | Lyubomirsky and Layous [18] | Create training schedules and/or choose duration of a training session |
Personal relevance | Allow to align the activity with a person’s goals and values | Lyubomirsky and Layous [18] | Personalization, customization, offer a broad variety of content, modules, etc., to choose from |
Early positive reactivity | Early onset of pos. emotions after starting to practice an activity | Cohn and Frederickson [87] Lyubomirsky and Layous [18] Proyer et al. [88] Diefenbach [30] | Make activity fun or playful, e.g., by adding humor, visually appealing design |
Efficacy beliefs | Promote a person’s belief in their ability to perform the activity | Lyubomirsky and Layous [18] Schwarzer [86] Bandura [89] | Differentiate beginners vs. expert levels |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wiese, L.; Pohlmeyer, A.E.; Hekkert, P. Design for Sustained Wellbeing through Positive Activities—A Multi-Stage Framework. Multimodal Technol. Interact. 2020, 4, 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti4040071
Wiese L, Pohlmeyer AE, Hekkert P. Design for Sustained Wellbeing through Positive Activities—A Multi-Stage Framework. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction. 2020; 4(4):71. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti4040071
Chicago/Turabian StyleWiese, Lisa, Anna E. Pohlmeyer, and Paul Hekkert. 2020. "Design for Sustained Wellbeing through Positive Activities—A Multi-Stage Framework" Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 4, no. 4: 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti4040071
APA StyleWiese, L., Pohlmeyer, A. E., & Hekkert, P. (2020). Design for Sustained Wellbeing through Positive Activities—A Multi-Stage Framework. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 4(4), 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti4040071