The Influence of Tear Film Quality on Visual Function
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Methods
2.2. Patients
2.3. Clinical Evaluations
2.4. Modified Schein Questionnaire
- Do your eyes ever feel dry?
- Do you ever feel a gritty or sandy sensation in your eye?
- Do your eyes ever have a burning sensation?
- Are your eyes ever red?
- Do you notice much crusting on your lashes?
- Do your eyes ever get stuck shut in the morning?
- Do you experience disturbances while working on the computer?
- Do you observe changes in your visual acuity after spending extended periods at the computer, watching TV, driving a car, or staying in an air-conditioned room?
2.5. Post Blink Blur Time
2.6. Tear Film Break Up-Time
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Symptoms | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group A Symptomatic Patients n (%) | Group B Asymptomatic Patients n (%) | Total n (%) | p-Value | ||
Gender | Male | 8 (12.90) | 34 (54.84) | 42 (33.87) | <0.05 |
Female | 54 (87.10) | 28 (45.16) | 82 (66.13) | ||
Total | 62 (100) | 62 (100) | 124 (100) | ||
Age (years) | 15–30 | 20 (32.26) | 22 (35.48) | 42 (33.87) | NS |
31–50 | 24 (38.71) | 28 (45.16) | 52 (41.94) | ||
≥51 | 18 (29.03) | 12 (19.35) | 30 (24.19) | ||
Total | 62 (100) | 62 (100) | 124 (100) |
Symptoms | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group A Symptomatic Patients n (%) | Group B Asymptomatic Patients n (%) | Total n (%) | p-Value | ||
TBUT | <5 | 32 (51.61) | 8 (12.90) | 40 (32.26) | <0.001 |
≥5 | 30 (48.39) | 54 (87.10) | 84 (67.74) | ||
Total | 62 (100) | 62 (100) | 124 (100) | ||
PBBT | ≤10 | 44 (70.97) | 24 (38.71) | 68 (54.84) | <0.001 |
>10 | 18 (29.03) | 38 (61.29) | 56 (45.16) | ||
Total | 62 (100) | 62 (100) | 124 (100) |
Age | Schein Score (Schein Questionnaire) | TBUT | Activities Requiring Focused Attention | Total Schein Score (Schein Questionnaire + Additional Questions) | PBBT | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 1 | 0.327 ** | −0.285 ** | 0.022 | 0.269 ** | 0.038 |
Schein score (Schein questionnaire) | 0.327 ** | 1 | −0.417 ** | 0.695 ** | 0.967 ** | −0.189 * |
TBUT | −0.285 ** | −0.417 ** | 1 | −0.387 ** | −0.440 ** | 0.455 ** |
Activities requiring focused attention | 0.022 | 0.695 ** | −0.387 ** | 1 | 0.830 ** | −0.306 ** |
Total Schein score (Schein questionnaire + additional questions) | 0.269 ** | 0.967 ** | −0.440 ** | 0.830 ** | 1 | −0.249 ** |
PBBT | 0.038 | −0.189 * | 0.455 ** | −0.306 ** | −0.249 ** | 1 |
n | Mean | Standard Deviation | Standard Error Mean | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TBUT | Group A Symptomatic patients | 62 | 4.77 | 2.37 | 0.30 | <0.001 |
Group B Asymptomatic patients | 62 | 7.63 | 3.25 | 0.41 | ||
PBBT | Group A Symptomatic patients | 62 | 8.95 | 5.38 | 0.68 | <0.001 |
Group B Asymptomatic patients | 62 | 14.66 | 10.50 | 1.33 |
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Kaštelan, S.; Gabrić, K.; Mikuličić, M.; Mrazovac Zimak, D.; Karabatić, M.; Gverović Antunica, A. The Influence of Tear Film Quality on Visual Function. Vision 2024, 8, 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8010008
Kaštelan S, Gabrić K, Mikuličić M, Mrazovac Zimak D, Karabatić M, Gverović Antunica A. The Influence of Tear Film Quality on Visual Function. Vision. 2024; 8(1):8. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8010008
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaštelan, Snježana, Ksenija Gabrić, Maša Mikuličić, Danijela Mrazovac Zimak, Mirela Karabatić, and Antonela Gverović Antunica. 2024. "The Influence of Tear Film Quality on Visual Function" Vision 8, no. 1: 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8010008
APA StyleKaštelan, S., Gabrić, K., Mikuličić, M., Mrazovac Zimak, D., Karabatić, M., & Gverović Antunica, A. (2024). The Influence of Tear Film Quality on Visual Function. Vision, 8(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8010008