The Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence among Adolescent Female Athletes: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Information Sources and Search
2.2. Eligibility Criteria and Study Selection
2.3. Data Collection Process and Quality Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
3.2. Overview of Study Characteristics
3.3. Principle Findings
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Authors, Year | Study | Sample Size | Mean Age (Range or SD) | Sport | Grade Impact * Based on Criteria [30] | Main Outcome (UI Tools) | % UI | Secondary Outcomes | Secondary Outcomes Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eliasson et al., 2002 [31]. | Cross- sectional | n = 35 | 15 (12–22) | Trampoline | 3 | Pad-weighting test | 80 mean leakage of 28 g | Muscular strength with perineometer | 23 of 27 diodes on the perineometer for 6 s and 20 for 30 s, 30 cm H2O of intravaginal squeeze pressure |
Carls et al., 2007 [18] | Cross- sectional | n = 86 | 17 (14–21) | High impact sports | 3 | The Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Questionnaire | 28 | Educational prevention and treatment of UI | 90% had never heard of pelvic muscle exercises (Kegels) |
Parmigiano et al., 2014 [19] | Cross- sectional | n = 148 | 15 (2.0) | Soccer, handball, basketball, wrestling, judo, track and field, swimming, boxing | 2,3 | Pre-participation gynecological examination (PPGE) | Total = 18.2 Track and Field = 14.30; Basketball = 8.30; Boxing = 25; Soccer= 11.60; Handball = 6.40; Judo = 33.30; Swimming = 16.70 | Eating attitudes test | 15% risk of eating disorders; 89.9% were not familiar with the occurrence of UI in athletes; 87.1% would not mention to coach. |
Fernandes et al., 2014 [32] | Cross- sectional | n = 35 | 15.6 (12–19) | Soccer | 2 | Urinary Incontinence short form (ICIQ-UI SF) | 62.8 | The pad test and King’s Health Questionnaire (KHQ) | 35.2 score in the General Health domain; 37.3 in the emotions domain; 26.5 in the Sleep/Energy domain. |
Da Roza et al., 2015 [33] | Cross- sectional | n = 22 | 18.1 (3.4) | Trampoline | 3 | Urinary Incontinence short form (ICIQ-UI SF) | 72.7 | Amount of urinary loss, frequency of involuntary loss | 93.7% self-classified as moderate amount of UI; frequency of UI once a week or less. |
Almeida et al., 2015 [34] | Cross- sectional | n = 67 | 18 (5) | Volleyball, judo, gymnastics, trampoline, swimming | 2,3 | Urinary Incontinence short form (ICIQ-UI SF) | Total = 52.2 Volleyball = 43.5; Trampoline = 88.9; Swimming = 50; Judo = 44.4 | Fecal Incontinence Severity Index, Female Sexual Function Index, vaginal symptoms and pelvic organ prolapse symptoms (ICIQ-VS) | Involuntary loss of gas: 64.6% athletes, 58.5% nonathletes; POP: 0% athletes, 2% nonathletes; dyspareunia: 13.8% athletes, 21.9% nonathletes; 31.4% athlete’s strategy: “Emptying the bladder before training”; 52.0% nonathlete’s strategy: “Emptying the bladder before leaving the house”. |
Logan et al., 2017 [14] | Pilot study: Cross-sectional | n = 44 | (13–17) | Cross-country, track and field field-hockey, soccer | 2,3 | Urinary Incontinence short form (ICIQ-UI-SF) | 48 | Identify risk factor | 32% vigorous exercise, 34% during laughter, 14% activities of daily living (ADLs). |
Dobrowolski et al., 2019 [12] | Cross- sectional | n = 89 | 16 (15–21) * | Rope skipping | 3 | Prevalence of SUI 11-point Likert scale (0–10) | 75 | Quality of life (ICIQ-SF), non-validated sport-specific questionnaire inspired by (IIQ-7) | 21% indicated an overall interference of SUI with RS as moderate or greater; a slight impact of SUI on their overall quality of life. Female athletes managed SUI with containment products, fluid limitation, and timed voiding. |
Gram and Bø 2020 [20] | Cross- sectional | n = 107 | 14.5 (1.6) | Rhythmic gymnastics | 3 | Urinary Incontinence short form (ICIQ-UI SF) | 31.8 | Triad-specific self-report questionnaire Beighton score | 46.7% hypermobile; 9.3% disordered eating; 29.4% afraid of visible leakage; 14.7% afraid leakage would happen again; 69.1% had never heard about the pelvic floor. |
Weight (kg) | BMI (kg/m2) | Hours of Training/wk | |
---|---|---|---|
Eliasson et al. [31] | 50 (42–60) * | 20.3 (19–23) * | - |
Carls et al. [18] | - | - | - |
Parmigiano et al. [19] | - | 21.6 (2.8) | 10.9 (4.0) |
Fernandes et al. [32] | - | NP | - |
Da Roza et al. [33] | 55.0 (4.9) | 20.4 (1.3) | 11.3 (2.7) |
Almeida et al. [34] | - | 21.7 (2.6) ** | 19.0 (6.3) |
Logan et al. [14] | - | - | - |
Dobrowolski et al. [12] | - | 21 (20–23) ** | 6 (4–6) |
Gram & Bø [20] | - | 18.9 (2.2) | 15.7 (7.8) |
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Rebullido, T.R.; Gómez-Tomás, C.; Faigenbaum, A.D.; Chulvi-Medrano, I. The Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence among Adolescent Female Athletes: A Systematic Review. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6010012
Rebullido TR, Gómez-Tomás C, Faigenbaum AD, Chulvi-Medrano I. The Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence among Adolescent Female Athletes: A Systematic Review. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2021; 6(1):12. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6010012
Chicago/Turabian StyleRebullido, Tamara Rial, Cinta Gómez-Tomás, Avery D. Faigenbaum, and Iván Chulvi-Medrano. 2021. "The Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence among Adolescent Female Athletes: A Systematic Review" Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 6, no. 1: 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6010012