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Article

Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism During Monofin Swimming in Trained Breath-Hold Divers

1
Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
2
Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
3
Clinical Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
4
High Performance Sport Center, Croatian Olympic Committee, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
5
Department of Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(2), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10020218
Submission received: 6 May 2025 / Revised: 4 June 2025 / Accepted: 5 June 2025 / Published: 6 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Athletic Training and Human Performance)

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to examine the difference in blood lactate and oxygen saturation between monofin swimming with respiration and with breath-hold diving. The second aim was to investigate the difference between elite and intermediate breath hold-divers. Methods: This study included 15 freediving athletes (five females). Their chronological age was 25.9 ± 2.9 years, body mass 75.5 ± 11.9 kg, and height 180.2 ± 8.9 cm. The sample of variables included anthropometric indices, blood lactate, and oxygen saturation. The participants were measured during 100 m monofin horizontal swimming with respiration and breath-hold diving. Descriptive and inferential statistics were measured. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) test was used to determine the normality of distribution. To determine the differences between the groups of participants, the t-test was used to determine the differences in anthropometric indices. Furthermore, to observe the differences between repeated measures, ANOVA with Fischer LSD test was used. Following that, the two-factor ANOVA analysis group (respiration/apnea) and group (intermediate/elite level)) was performed to determine the possible differences between groups in both conditions. Also, Cohen’s effect size was calculated to quantify the differences among the measurements. Results: The results show that the divers perceive significantly smaller levels of lactates during dives with respiration (intermediate, 2.44 ± 0.64 mmol/L; elite, 2.23 ± 0.34 mmol/L) than during apnea (intermediate, 6.06 ± 2.00 mmol/L; elite, 4.10 ± 0.66 mmol/L). Furthermore, intermediate freedivers tend to perceive significantly higher values. Conclusions: To conclude, it can be noted that apnea monofin diving elicits significantly higher lactate production in comparison with distance-matched swimming. Such findings imply the anaerobic nature of breath-holding diving. Apart from that, elite divers tend to show a lower accumulation of lactate. Such findings imply that elite-level divers can endure prolonged apneas with lower anaerobic metabolism use.
Keywords: freediving; dynamic; oxygen saturation; lactates; apnea freediving; dynamic; oxygen saturation; lactates; apnea

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MDPI and ACS Style

Drviš, I.; Vrdoljak, D.; Dujić, G.; Foretić, N.; Dujić, Ž. Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism During Monofin Swimming in Trained Breath-Hold Divers. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10, 218. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10020218

AMA Style

Drviš I, Vrdoljak D, Dujić G, Foretić N, Dujić Ž. Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism During Monofin Swimming in Trained Breath-Hold Divers. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2025; 10(2):218. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10020218

Chicago/Turabian Style

Drviš, Ivan, Dario Vrdoljak, Goran Dujić, Nikola Foretić, and Željko Dujić. 2025. "Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism During Monofin Swimming in Trained Breath-Hold Divers" Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 10, no. 2: 218. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10020218

APA Style

Drviš, I., Vrdoljak, D., Dujić, G., Foretić, N., & Dujić, Ž. (2025). Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism During Monofin Swimming in Trained Breath-Hold Divers. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 10(2), 218. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10020218

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