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Volume 10
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10.3390/jfmk10020181
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Association Between Walking Speed and Mortality in Cardiac Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Involved in a Secondary Prevention Program

by
Valentina Zerbini
1,
Tommaso Piva
1,
Andrea Raisi
1,*,
Erica Menegatti
2,
Gianni Mazzoni
1,3,
Giovanni Grazzi
1,3,4 and
Simona Mandini
1
1
Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
2
Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
3
Public Health Department, AUSL Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
4
Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL-PIVOT) Network, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(2), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10020181 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 18 February 2025 / Revised: 13 May 2025 / Accepted: 16 May 2025 / Published: 17 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Exercise for Health Promotion)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to investigate associations between walking speed (WS) and mortality among cardiac patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Of the 3328 patients included in the ITER registry between 1998 and 2023, 490 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (mean age 67 ± 9 years) were categorized into tertiles based on WS measured at baseline. Walking speed was measured using the 1 km treadmill walking test (1km-TWT). Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine associations between WS and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality, adjusting for demographic and clinical confounders. Results: The results showed a significative inverse association between WS and mortality. A total of 205 patients died over a median follow-up of 11 years. Patients with a higher baseline WS reported a lower mortality risk compared to slow walkers. A similar magnitude was confirmed by the sensitivity analysis excluding people who died in the first three years. Conclusions: The 1km-TWT is an effective predictor of mortality among cardiac patients with type 2 diabetes and a valuable educational tool for exercise-based interventions in secondary prevention. These findings highlight the efficacy of exercise-based programs to improve physical function and reduce mortality risk, underscoring the importance of promoting exercise as part of long-term cardiovascular disease management.
Keywords: cardiovascular disease; type 2 diabetes; walking speed; cardiac rehabilitation; secondary prevention cardiovascular disease; type 2 diabetes; walking speed; cardiac rehabilitation; secondary prevention

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zerbini, V.; Piva, T.; Raisi, A.; Menegatti, E.; Mazzoni, G.; Grazzi, G.; Mandini, S. Association Between Walking Speed and Mortality in Cardiac Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Involved in a Secondary Prevention Program. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10, 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10020181

AMA Style

Zerbini V, Piva T, Raisi A, Menegatti E, Mazzoni G, Grazzi G, Mandini S. Association Between Walking Speed and Mortality in Cardiac Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Involved in a Secondary Prevention Program. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2025; 10(2):181. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10020181

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zerbini, Valentina, Tommaso Piva, Andrea Raisi, Erica Menegatti, Gianni Mazzoni, Giovanni Grazzi, and Simona Mandini. 2025. "Association Between Walking Speed and Mortality in Cardiac Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Involved in a Secondary Prevention Program" Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 10, no. 2: 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10020181

APA Style

Zerbini, V., Piva, T., Raisi, A., Menegatti, E., Mazzoni, G., Grazzi, G., & Mandini, S. (2025). Association Between Walking Speed and Mortality in Cardiac Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Involved in a Secondary Prevention Program. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 10(2), 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10020181

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