Changes in Foot Shape after Long-Distance Running
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Processing
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Condition | Pre-run | Post-run | Difference | p Value | Effect Size (r) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | ||||
foot length (mm) | 253.6 | 8.7 | 254.0 | 8.5 | −0.4 | ns | 0.26 | 0.25 |
ball girth (mm) | 244.3 | 9.8 | 243.5 | 9.8 | 0.8 | ns | 0.28 | 0.24 |
ball width (mm) | 99.5 | 4.2 | 99.6 | 4.4 | −0.1 | ns | 0.72 | 0.08 |
heel width (mm) | 60.6 | 3.1 | 60.5 | 3.0 | 0.1 | ns | 0.20 | 0.29 |
medial length (mm) | 183.6 | 7.0 | 183.7 | 6.7 | −0.1 | ns | 0.85 | 0.26 |
lateral length (mm) | 160.2 | 5.7 | 160.2 | 5.5 | 0.0 | ns | 0.99 | 0.00 |
dorsal height (mm) | 58.9 | 4.0 | 57.6 | 4.1 | 1.3 | ** | 0.00 | 0.77 |
navicular height (mm) | 38.6 | 6.2 | 37.1 | 5.6 | 1.5 | ** | 0.00 | 0.62 |
arch height ratio (%) | 15.2 | 2.4 | 14.6 | 2.2 | 0.6 | ** | 0.00 | 0.65 |
heel angle (deg) | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 5.3 | 0.3 | ns | 0.78 | 0.07 |
toe 1 angle (deg) | 7.5 | 3.3 | 9.6 | 2.8 | −2.1 | * | 0.02 | 0.69 |
toe 5 angle (deg) | 13.7 | 3.1 | 13.6 | 3.4 | 0.1 | ns | 0.69 | 0.09 |
volume (mm3) | 827,759.6 | 72,068.3 | 814,073.2 | 70,207.4 | 13,686.4 | * | 0.03 | 0.70 |
Medial Side of the Foot (Number of Feet) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deformation Pattern | Lateral | None | Medial | Total | |
Lateral Dorsum of the Foot (Number of Feet) | Lateral | 1 | 7 | 8 | 16 |
None | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Medial | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 | |
Total | 3 | 10 | 8 | 21 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fukano, M.; Iso, S. Changes in Foot Shape after Long-Distance Running. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2016, 1, 30-38. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk1010030
Fukano M, Iso S. Changes in Foot Shape after Long-Distance Running. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2016; 1(1):30-38. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk1010030
Chicago/Turabian StyleFukano, Mako, and Shigeo Iso. 2016. "Changes in Foot Shape after Long-Distance Running" Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 1, no. 1: 30-38. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk1010030
APA StyleFukano, M., & Iso, S. (2016). Changes in Foot Shape after Long-Distance Running. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 1(1), 30-38. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk1010030