A Silicon-Photo-Multiplier-Based Camera for the Terzina Telescope on Board the Neutrinos and Seismic Electromagnetic Signals Space Mission
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Terzina Telescope
3. SiPM Signal Waveform Characterization
4. Parametric Simulation of the SiPM Response
- The pulse template of the SiPM response to a single p.e., where the amplitude is scaled linearly to increase the over-voltage;
- The probability of direct optical cross-talk (OCT) and after-pulse (AP) as a function of the SiPM over-voltage;
- After-pulse decay time;
- The root mean square error (RMSE) of the SiPM gain variation and the RMSE of the electronic noise.
- Signal decay time: see Figure 2 (right panel). We confirmed our expectation: in the case of the AC/DC coupling readout, by reducing the decay time of the SiPM signal, one can significantly reduce the fake rate while keeping the same sensitivity to the signal.
- Different bandwidths of the electronics. We found a significant rate variation with the preamplifier bandwidth. However, the front-end preamplifier is not completely defined; therefore, we do not claim the expected rates.
5. Dose Estimation for Terzina Telescope
6. Irradiation of the SiPM with Protons
7. Background Created in a Window of a Photo Sensor
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AP | After-pulse |
BoL | Beginning of life |
CR | Cosmic rays |
DCR | Dark count rate |
EAS | Extensive air showers |
EoL | End of life |
FPA | Focal plane assembly |
FWHM | Full-Width Half-Maximum |
FWTM | Full-Width Tenth-Maximum |
LEO | Low Earth orbit |
LTAN | Local Time of Ascending Node |
MA-PMT | Multi-Anode Photo-Multiplier Tube |
NGB | Night-glow background |
NUSES | Neutrinos and Seismic Electromagnetic Signals |
NUV-HD-MT | Near-Ultraviolet High-Density Metal Trench SiPM |
OCT | Optical cross-talk |
PDE | Photon detection efficiency |
p.e. | Photoelectron |
PMT | Photo-Multiplier Tube |
SiPM | Silicon Photo-Multiplier |
RMSE | Root mean square error |
UHECR | Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays |
Appendix A
Parameter | SiPM | PMT |
---|---|---|
Operation voltage | <100 V | ∼ 1000 V |
Current | ∼1 µA | ∼100 µA |
Power per cm2 | ∼1 mW | ∼100 mW |
Weight per cm2 of sensitive area | ∼10 g | ∼100 g |
Total integrated charge | ∞ | ∼200 C |
Single-p.e. time resolution | <100 ps | ∼1 ns |
Spatial resolution | ∼mm | few mm (1) |
Photon detection efficiency @ 400 nm | >50% | <50% |
Temperature-sensitive | yes | no |
Need of pre-amplifier | yes | optional |
Radiation resistance | low | high |
Signal FWTM (2) | ∼100 ns | ∼10 ns |
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Burmistrov, L., on behalf of the NUSES Collaboration. A Silicon-Photo-Multiplier-Based Camera for the Terzina Telescope on Board the Neutrinos and Seismic Electromagnetic Signals Space Mission. Instruments 2024, 8, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8010013
Burmistrov L on behalf of the NUSES Collaboration. A Silicon-Photo-Multiplier-Based Camera for the Terzina Telescope on Board the Neutrinos and Seismic Electromagnetic Signals Space Mission. Instruments. 2024; 8(1):13. https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8010013
Chicago/Turabian StyleBurmistrov, Leonid on behalf of the NUSES Collaboration. 2024. "A Silicon-Photo-Multiplier-Based Camera for the Terzina Telescope on Board the Neutrinos and Seismic Electromagnetic Signals Space Mission" Instruments 8, no. 1: 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8010013
APA StyleBurmistrov, L., on behalf of the NUSES Collaboration. (2024). A Silicon-Photo-Multiplier-Based Camera for the Terzina Telescope on Board the Neutrinos and Seismic Electromagnetic Signals Space Mission. Instruments, 8(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8010013