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Article

Is Chelidonichthys lucerna (Linnaeus, 1758) a Marine Estuarine-Dependent Fish? Insights from Saccular Otolith Microchemistry

by
Inês Ferreira
1,2,
Felippe A. Daros
3,
Cláudia Moreira
1,
Diana Feijó
4,
Alberto Rocha
4,
Ana Mendez-Vicente
5,
Jorge Pisonero
6 and
Alberto Teodorico Correia
1,7,8,*
1
Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
2
Faculdade de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCT-UFP), Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
3
Departamento de Recursos Pesqueiros e Aquicultura, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Vale do Ribeira, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Nelson Brihi Badur 430, 11900-000 Registro, Brazil
4
Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Avenida General Norton de Matos 4, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
5
Scientific and Technological Resources (SCTs), University of Oviedo, Gonzalo Gutierrez Quirós S/N, 33600 Mieres, Spain
6
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Oviedo (UNIOVI), Federico Garcia Lorca 8, 33007 Oviedo, Spain
7
Departamento de Produção Aquática (DPA), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
8
Departamento de Biologia e Ambiente (DeBA), Escola de Ciências da Vida e do Ambiente (ECVA), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta dos Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Fishes 2023, 8(7), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070383
Submission received: 12 June 2023 / Revised: 18 July 2023 / Accepted: 20 July 2023 / Published: 24 July 2023
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Abstract

:
Tub gurnard, Chelidonichthys lucerna (Linnaeus, 1758), is a Mediterranean-Atlantic benthic species usually captured as by-catch by Portuguese traditional fisheries and considered the most important commercial fish species of the family Triglidae. However, to date, little is known about its habitat residency and whether the species can be considered a marine estuarine-dependent fish. Otolith microchemistry has proven effective in providing information about fish movement patterns throughout different water salinities. In this study, core-to-edge transects of Sr:Ca in the fish saccular otoliths of 35 juveniles of C. lucerna captured in March 2007 by a scientific survey along the Portuguese coast were used to assess the species movement between brackish and marine waters. Data suggest that most individuals (97%) have an estuarine-dependent profile, with 63% showing a clear presence in marine waters during the early life history periods. Evidence of an estuarine residence throughout the fish life cycle was found in only 3% of individuals. Ba:Ca profiles did not reflect an inverse relationship with Sr:Ca salinity results but corroborated findings from other authors about the influence of upwelling processes and freshwater runoffs on Ba incorporation into the otoliths of coastal fish. Furthermore, the data also showed that C. lucerna can occupy and migrate among habitats with diverse salinity degrees, showing high environmental plasticity and adaptation.
Keywords:
Triglidae; sagitta; LA-ICP-MS; Element:Ca; habitat residency; migratory behavior
Key Contribution: This is the first study to investigate C. lucerna migratory movements between salinity gradients along the Portuguese coast through saccular otolith elemental chemistry.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Nearshore environments, including estuaries, have been widely recognized among the scientific community as important nursery areas for a variety of fish species, providing food and shelter from predators to a wide number of marine fish and invertebrate species, with many ending up moving to different habitats in their adult stage [1,2,3]. Estuaries are also highly productive environments with abundant sources of food, providing nutrient-rich habitats and important feeding grounds that are ideal for juvenile and adult fish, thus playing a crucial role in maintaining fish stocks in the marine environment [4,5,6].
Some fish species inhabit estuaries throughout their entire life, while others enter these productive environments for variable periods during a particular stage of their life, and others just migrate through estuaries from their spawning grounds at sea to feeding areas in freshwater or vice-versa [5,6,7]. Marine estuarine-dependent fish, for example, spend part of their life cycle in low-saline estuaries for growth, feeding, reproduction, and sexual maturation [5,8,9]. Understanding fish movements is crucial for the management and conservation efforts of a species, and the migratory routes can be tracked by using physical, electronic, or natural tags [9,10,11].
Otoliths are calcium carbonate structures, mainly in the mineral form of aragonite, located in the inner ear cavity of teleost fish that belongs to the vestibular organ [12]. These structures grow continuously over a fish’s life, are metabolically inert, and incorporate several minor and trace elements derived from the fish environment, allowing several ichthyological applications [12,13,14]. Otoliths can provide a wide range of information about fish species such as age estimation, environmental history, taxonomic issues, and prey identification, among others [15,16,17]. Their chemical composition has also shown to be a powerful tool to study fish population structure [18,19,20], movement patterns [9,21,22], and habitat connectivity [23,24,25].
Chemical otolith analysis provides information about the environmental conditions and life history traits of fish throughout their whole life [18,26,27] or for a particular life history stage [9,28,29]. The mechanism behind the incorporation of minor and trace elements into the otolith aragonite matrix is still poorly understood. However, strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) have shown to be related to water salinity, with Ba concentrations being generally higher in fresh and brackish environments, and, conversely, Sr concentrations are assumed to be lower in these environments [9,30,31]. In particular, Sr:Ca profiles from the core to the otolith edge have been widely used as a powerful tracer to infer fish movement among fresh, brackish, and marine waters [9,21,22].
The assessment of the Sr:Ca threshold that represents the transition between habitats of distinct salinity (fresh, estuarine and marine environments) has been carried out through a variety of methods within the scientific community, such as controlled field data, laboratory experiments, or mathematical approaches [21,32,33]. Most of these studies have been applied to species that spend most of their adult lives at sea and return to freshwater to spawn (i.e., anadromous) and for fish that, oppositely, live most of their adult lives in freshwater but migrate to saltwater to spawn (i.e., catadromous) [34,35,36]. The Sr:Ca threshold from field studies is estimated by assessing the Sr:Ca ratios from a fish species captured from different salinity environments [21]. In laboratory experiments, these ratios are analyzed from fish reared in a controlled environment with varying salinity levels [32]. Mathematical approaches for estimating otoliths Sr:Ca thresholds are based on the average Sr:Ca ratio for fish otoliths collected from different salinity environments and the associated variability around the average ratio (mean ± standard deviation) [9,30,33].
Chelidonichthys lucerna (Linnaeus, 1758) is a benthic species that usually lives in the bottom of the continental shelf [37,38,39], being found in the NE Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea [39]. In Portuguese fish markets, C. lucerna is the Triglidae species that achieves the largest size and greatest commercial interest. It is sold under a commercial category (“Ruivos”) that also comprises other gurnard species [40] and, according to the Portuguese fishing statistics, a total of 285 tons of “Ruivos” were landed in 2022 at an average annual price of 1.93 EUR; this means a 5-ton increase in landings and €0.03 EUR increase in price compared to the previous year [41,42].
Nursery areas along coastal waters and a spatial separation between C. lucerna juveniles and adults have been reported, with younger individuals being more frequently found in shallow coastal waters and adjacent estuaries, considered feeding areas, while adults are more dispersed towards offshore grounds, where spawning takes place [38,43,44]. However, although a few studies on the species have investigated population structure, diet composition, and age, growth, and reproductive biology [23,45,46], specific research on the species movement pattern, particularly during its early life history, is inexistent, with a single recent study suggesting that this marine species is apparently estuarine-dependent [47].
The purpose of this study was to assess, for the first time, if C. lucerna is a strict marine estuarine-dependent species, or presents some environmental plasticity, using mainly otolith Sr:Ca ratios from core to edge as a water salinity tracer. The gathered knowledge will be important for the rational management and sustainable conservation of this halieutic resource.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Fish Sampling

Fish were collected during a scientific survey that took place in the west and south Portuguese continental shelves in March 2007 by bottom trawl at depths ranging between 38 m and 145 m. Thirty-five individuals (five individuals per site), ranging from 21.0 to 45.3 cm (total length, TL), were selected from different sampling points along the Portuguese coast, namely Caminha, Matosinhos, Aveiro, Berlengas, Sines, Milfontes-Arrábida, and Sagres-Portimão. In addition, a total of five individuals (TL: 18.0 to 21.6 cm) were collected from the Douro lower estuary, at 0.5 to 2.5 km from the river mouth, in December 2016 with bottom trawl fishing (Figure 1, Table 1). The Douro estuary has an extent of about 21 km and is a narrow mesotidal, semi-diurnal, and vertically stratified estuary, with an average depth of 8 m [48]. In its lowerection, water temperature and salinity range between 10–15 °C and 10–30 ppt, respectively [49].
The salinity and temperature in the upper 100 m of the Portuguese continental shelf usually varies between 35.8 and 36.0 and between 14 °C and 19 °C, respectively, depending on whether upwelling (cooler waters on summer) or downwelling (warmer waters on winter) dominates [50].

2.2. Otolith Preparation

Upon collection or immediately after landing, fish were preserved on ice and processed in the laboratory. The individuals were measured for total length (TL, cm) and saccular otoliths (sagittae) were removed from the inner ear, rinsed with distilled water, air-dried, and stored in plastic vials until further analysis.
Left sagittal otoliths were embedded in transparent epoxy resin (Buehler, Epothin), and a transverse cross-section (0.5 mm) was taken out, preserving the core region, using a precision diamond saw (Buehler, Isomet Low-speed Saw). Slices were ground with abrasive grinding papers of 800, 1200, and 2400 grit (Buehler, Ø 200 mm SiC Paper) to expose the primordium and further polished with 6, 3, and 1 μm diamond pastes (Buehler, Metadi II). Thereafter, the transverse otolith sections were attached to a glass slide with epoxy resin (Buehler, Epothin), cleaned in an ultrasonic bath with ultrapure water (Milli-Q-Water) for 5 min, and dried in a laminar flow cabinet [51,52].
Otolith microchemistry was used to examine C. lucerna movement behaviors through different salinity water masses by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Elemental concentrations in transverse otolith sections were measured using a 193 nm ArF*Excimer Laser Ablation System (Photon Machines Analyte G2) coupled to an ICP-MS (7700× from Agilent Technologies). Concentrations of isotopes 7Li, 25Mg, 43Ca, 55Mn, 57Fe, 60Ni, 65Cu, 66Zn, 88Sr, and 138Ba were determined from the core to the ventral-proximal otolith edge using a continuous transect along the radius of the otoliths (Figure 2).
The laser ablation settings used were as follows: spot diameter 50 μm, nominal fluence 5 J cm−2, repetition rate 10 Hz, and scan speed 10 μm s−1. Helium was used as a carrier gas in the ablation cell (at a flow of 800 mL/min) and Argon was added before entering the ICP, operated at 1600W in Ar plasma gas. Analysis conditions of the LA-ICP-MS system were optimized in NIST612 (trace elements in glass, NIST, USA) to minimize fractionation effects that might induce quantification uncertainties. 238U/232Th ratio (below 120%) was used to control plasma robustness and 232Th16O/232Th (less than 0.5%) to control the oxide production rates. To compensate for any variation in ablation yield along the laser transect and improve the reliability of the measurements, 43Ca was used as the internal standard [53]. External calibration was performed using SRM NIST612, SRM NIST610 silicate glass (www.nist.gov, accessed on 2 March 2020), and USGS MACS-3 (https://www.usgs.gov/, accessed on 2 March 2020) that were measured in triplicate at the beginning and at the end of the entire sequence, and after every twelve otoliths during the sequence analysis [54]. During the analysis, all the operating conditions (e.g., spot size, repetition rate, scan speed, laser energy/fluence, and gas flow) were kept constant in both the reference material and otoliths. In order to avoid contamination of the sample surface, a pre-cleaning ablation using a spot diameter of 65 μm, a repetition rate of 10 Hz, and a scan speed of 50 μm s−1 was run prior to the main transects. Before each ablation, 20 s were employed to measure the background chemical signals for each isotope in the ICP-MS with the laser switched off. The background average value of each isotope was used as a blank correction [54]. The average relative standard deviation for 20 NIST612 transects of two millimeters each was less than 5%, regardless of the element. All isotope data were given as a concentration relative to 43Ca (element:Calcium).
After the laser ablation, ablated otolith cross-sections were photographed using a microscope with transmitted light (Olympus CX41) coupled to a 3 megapixels USB camera (Olympus, SC30) at 40× magnification. Laser transects were measured using the software ImageJ (1.51j version) and ablation time was converted to distance from core to edge (initial and final laser positions, respectively) of otoliths. Elemental ratios were converted to mmol mol−1 for Sr:Ca and to μmol mol−1 for Ba:Ca using elementR (v 4.0.3) [54] in the R environment [55].

2.3. Data Analysis

The assumption of a positive correlation between otolith Sr:Ca and habitat salinity [9,21,56] was used to discriminate the different water environments and assess C. lucerna movement patterns between marine and estuarine waters.
To facilitate the interpretation of core-to-edge transects, transition salinity otolith thresholds were estimated for the 35 C. lucerna individuals captured along the Portuguese coast. Two different transition thresholds between marine and estuarine waters were estimated following a well-accepted mathematical approach: the otolith edge Sr:Ca ratios average minus one standard deviation [Mean − 1 × SD] [33] and the otolith edge Sr:Ca ratios average minus two standard deviations [Mean − 2 × SD] [9,30]. For each threshold, the mean calculation was carried out considering the three last laser spots on each otolith’s edge, which were assumed to represent the capture environment. For a more comprehensive understanding, five additional individuals collected in the Douro estuary were sampled with the goal of validating the relevancy of these methodological approaches to assess fish movement between different salinity environments. In this context, the minimum and maximum means of the otolith edge Sr:Ca ratios from these individuals collected in the Douro estuary were also used as boundaries for the estuarine zone to assess which of the two mathematical approaches better represents the fish transition from marine coastal waters to estuarine brackish waters [21].
The mathematical threshold ratios between marine and brackish waters obtained from the 35 individuals collected on the continental shelf were 5.04 mmol mol−1 [Mean − 1 × SD] and 3.45 mmol mol−1 [Mean − 2 × SD] (Table 1). The minimum and maximum mean otolith edge Sr:Ca ratios for the five individuals collected in the estuarine waters were 4.28 and 5.41 mmol mol−1, respectively. It suggested that the Mean − 1 × SD threshold value provided a more accurate estimate of estuarine residency. Sr:Ca ratios below the maximum estuarine threshold determined by the individuals collected in the Douro estuary (5.41 mmol mol−1) were used to identify fish movements within estuarine environments.
After a preliminary visual analysis of the different transects for C. lucerna samples caught off the Portuguese coast, individuals were separated based on the oscillation of the Sr:Ca ratio between the marine and estuarine thresholds calculated for the Portuguese coast individuals using the above-mentioned approaches. Thereafter, the algorithm “Identifying Changes in Mean” (ICM) in the changepoint package [50] in the R environment [55] was used to interpret the fish movement patterns and to infer the number of habitat changes that took place during the fish life history based on each individual Sr:Ca ratio profile. Finally, the recorded individual Sr:Ca ratio profiles were grouped to minimize the existing number of patterns without losing relevant information.
Assuming that Ba:Ca ratios could vary in opposite directions compared to Sr:Ca ratios in relation to water salinity, with increased Ba:Ca ratios usually associated with low-salinity habitats [31,32,57], any specific pattern for Ba:Ca or potential relationship between these two ratios (Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca) was also assessed.
Unfortunately, the most accepted protocol for C. lucerna age estimation requires otolith burning followed by its reading in a clearing agent, which is not compatible with the microchemical methodology stated here [58]. Therefore, the otolith ratio from core-to-edge was considered a proxy for fish age.

3. Results

Sr:Ca ratios in C. lucerna otoliths varied significantly along the core-to-edge otolith transects, suggesting distinct ambient water salinities residencies during the fish’s lifetime history. Otolith Sr:Ca ratios along the entire ablation process (core-to-edge transect) ranged from 2.5 to 12.4 mmol mol−1.
In total, six main patterns of fish movement were identified: Marine-Estuarine-Marine (MEM), Estuarine-Marine (EM), Estuarine-Marine-Estuarine-Marine (EMEM), Marine-Estuarine-Marine-Estuarine (MEME), Marine-Estuarine (ME), and Estuarine (E). Individuals characterized as MEM, EMEM, and MEME showed several Sr:Ca oscillations between the marine and estuarine environments; EM and ME individuals showed otolith Sr:Ca ratios switching once between the two environments; individuals were characterized as E when otolith Sr:Ca ratios remained at estuarine levels during all life histories.
Sr:Ca ratios from core-to-edge allowed us to identify several types of residency patterns among C. lucerna. Most of the individuals (63%) showed a clear presence in marine waters during early life stage periods, suggesting these were spawned in open waters, with one (90%) or two (10%) incursions into estuarine waters throughout their lifetime, reaching values below the lower limit recorded for the estuarine zone (4.28 mmol mol−1). The remaining individuals (37%), however, apparently seem to have spawned in estuarine waters, with 92% of them migrating to saltier environments until the time of capture. Of these, a smaller fraction of individuals (38%) showed one additional incursion into estuarine brackish waters before returning to marine waters throughout their lifetime. Of the total C. lucerna individuals, a large majority (97%) showed migratory movements between marine and brackish waters, with only a minority (3%) showing an apparent estuarine residency profile until the moment of capture. Based on Sr:Ca ratios, a total of six different movement profiles were identified based on the number of migratory movements of the species between marine and brackish waters (Figure 3). All individuals’ core-to-edge profiles are included in the supplementary material (Supplementary Figure S1).
When compared to Sr:Ca profiles, individual Ba:Ca profiles showed very different patterns and variations, with the majority (97%) exhibiting pronounced Ba:Ca peaks at the onset of their life history. For 40% of the individuals, these peaks occurred at both Sr:Ca marine and estuarine levels, for 12% only at marine levels, and for 8% only at estuarine levels (Figure 4).

4. Discussion

This study aimed at inferring C. lucerna movement patterns within Portuguese waters through different salinity environments and assessing the species’ eventual dependency on estuarine areas during its early life through otolith microchemical analysis by LA-ICP-MS.
Previous studies on C. lucerna have reported a relationship between fish size and depth, with younger fish more frequently found in shallower coastal waters such as estuaries where food is abundant and larger and older fish more dispersed seaward [43,45,58]. In addition, a few authors have also suggested that the species exhibits seasonal migratory movements, from younger individuals in shallower coastal nursery areas during the spring and summer months to greater depths in oceanic waters during the winter period [37,47,59].
The deposition of Sr and Ba in fish otoliths is positively correlated with their occurrence in the water environment [31,32,60]. Variations in Sr and Ba within otoliths, particularly otolith Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca ratios, are positively related to salinity, with high otolith Sr:Ca ratios indicating marine environments and increased Ba:Ca ratios suggesting freshwater and brackish environments [30,32,61]. Therefore, several authors have already explored the potential of combining both Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca ratios to assess the movement patterns of diadromous species [9,32,62].
In the present study, two different Sr:Ca ratio thresholds between estuarine and marine environments were mathematically estimated (i.e., Mean − 1 × SD and Mean − 2 × SD) following a standard procedure used by different authors to delimit habitat residency according to their water salinity [9,21,33]. Simultaneously, the otolith’s Sr:Ca ratios of individuals collected in a northern Portuguese estuary (Douro) were recorded (minimum and maximum values recorded in the otolith peripheral zones) in an attempt to assess if the mathematical approach makes sense compared to the real values and which of the two threshold limit estimates was the more accurate. Overall, the threshold estimated through the Mean − 1 × SD approach resulted closer to the estuarine values (4.28 mmol mol−1 and 5.41 mmol mol−1, respectively, minimum and maximum values) determined by Sr:Ca ratios obtained from the Douro estuary individuals, suggesting that these values seem to be a more conservative approach to use for the species. Using the estuarine maximum value from the Douro individuals as the threshold between brackish and salt waters, Sr:Ca ratios in C. lucerna otoliths showed that the vast majority of individuals have migrated between marine and estuarine environments throughout their lifetime, apparently corroborating the findings from other authors that have identified a seasonal pattern of migratory movement of the species within its overall depth range during its life cycle [37,47,58]. In addition, the high levels of Sr:Ca ratios at the beginning of the core-to-edge transect (i.e., early life history otolith section) of most C. lucerna profiles indicate seawater signatures that quickly decline to estuarine levels, suggesting coastal spawning and a quick larval/juvenile ingress into brackish waters, which is consistent with a nursery role from estuaries, also described in other studies [5,47,63]. Furthermore, a few individuals also showed a progressive evolution of Sr:Ca estuarine levels at the otolith core to marine levels at the otolith edge, indicating an apparent estuarine spawning followed by a seaward migration from a food-rich shallow estuarine environment to deeper waters. Furthermore, while the migration of larger fish to deeper waters aligns with findings from other authors on the species [43,45,58], there has not been clear evidence of C. lucerna spawning in brackish environments. Existing studies on the species found that spawning occurs mostly around the winter months [45,59,64], which is also when fish show a more pronounced presence in deeper waters [37,47,65]. In addition, it is also important to note that besides habitat changes and migrations in distinct salinity environments, the otolith’s Sr:Ca ratios can also record other critical events in a fish’s life. Indeed, other studies focused on several anguilliform species [66,67,68] have found that a drop in Sr:Ca levels at the core-to-edge otolith transect can also be related to physiological events, such as the onset of the leptocephalus larval metamorphosis. Therefore, some atypical otolith Sr:Ca profiles recorded here should be regarded with caution and further investigated.
The overall behavior of all Ba:Ca profiles did not reflect an inverse relationship with Sr:Ca ratios and salinity, as described by other authors [30,32,69]. However, several studies have also shown that Ba incorporation into otoliths can be affected by factors such as upwelling phenomena [70,71,72] and terrestrial freshwater contributions (river runoff, groundwater inputs) [73,74,75]. The vast majority (97%) of C. lucerna individuals exhibited variations and peaks in Ba:Ca ratios in the natal region of otoliths that seem to corroborate these findings. A few individuals have shown Ba:Ca peaks only when Sr:Ca ratios were at marine levels, which is consistent with the upwelling of Ba enriched by cold, deep waters (e.g., the southern flow of the Portuguese summer current). Others have shown Ba:Ca peaks only when Sr:Ca ratios are at estuarine levels, indicating potential freshwater runoff from surrounding rivers (e.g., Douro River and Leça River). However, the majority of individuals displayed Ba:Ca peaks at both Sr:Ca marine and estuarine levels, consistent with the influence of both factors on Ba absorption into otoliths (Figure 4). These results have shown that, although individual Ba:Ca profiles would not be sufficient to infer C. lucerna movements between different habitat salinities, the combination of their analysis with the Sr:Ca profiles showed to be consistent with the results obtained by other authors on the influence of other factors than salinity in Ba incorporation into otoliths, in particular upwelling processes and freshwater discharges [71,72,75].

5. Conclusions

This is the first study to investigate C. lucerna migratory movements between salinity gradients along the Portuguese coast through saccular otolith elemental chemistry.
The results of this study have shown that C. lucerna seems to occupy and migrate between different salinity habitats throughout its life cycle, showing a high ability to respond and adapt to different environments. In this context, Sr:Ca ratios allowed us to infer that along the mainland Portuguese coast, the species can be classified as marine-estuarine-dependent, which aligns with findings from other studies that have identified other Portuguese rivers (Arade, Tagus and Mondego) as nurseries for the species [47,76,77]. However, further investigations using wild contemporary animals collected in the same temporal window in inshore areas and estuaries, including water sample analyses, would be useful to make more accurate inferences.
Overall, the information provided by this study is essential to improving the conservation of C. lucerna, the most important commercial species in the Triglidae family in Portugal, as it confirmed the fundamental role of estuarine habitats as nursery areas and feeding grounds for the species and the reliability of the Sr:Ca ratio as a tracer to investigate the migration patterns of teleost species between habitats with different salinities.
Finally, given the apparently critical support that estuaries provide for C. lucerna survival along the Portuguese coast, it is also noteworthy that the management efforts of fisheries through promoting the conservation, protection, and restoration of these environments can help ensure the long-term sustainability of the species.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/fishes8070383/s1, Figure S1: Individual C. lucerna Sr:Ca core-to-edge profiles.

Author Contributions

I.F.: formal analysis; investigation; methodology; validation; visualization; writing—original draft; and writing—review and editing. F.A.D.: data curation and writing—review and editing. C.M.: methodology and writing—review and editing. D.F.: data curation and writing—review and editing. A.R.: data curation and writing—review and editing. A.M.-V.: formal analysis; investigation; visualization; writing—review and editing. J.P.: writing—review and editing. A.T.C.: conceptualization; data curation; formal analysis; funding acquisition; investigation; methodology; resources; supervision; validation; visualization; writing—original draft; and writing—review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by national funds through FCT—Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology within the scope of UIDB/04423/2020 and UIDP/04423/2020. A special thanks to the European Commission’s Data Collection Framework—PNAB/EU-DCF Programa Nacional de Amostragem Biológica, (Reg. EC 2008/199) and the research project “Mytag—Integrating natural and artificial tags to reconstruct fish migrations and ontogenetic niche shifts” (FCT: PTDC/MAR-EST/2098/2014) for supplying the 2016 fish samples.

Institutional Review Board Statement

For vertebrates, fishes in our case, the national (Portuguese) legislation regarding the animal welfare was only published in August 2013 (Decreto-Lei 113, 2013)—our research survey was from 2007 (research vessel samples, n = 35), and does not include the use of fish obtained from fisheries (bottom trawl samples, n = 5). It means that we do not have any legal constraint in the submitted MS.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Diogo Silva (CIIMAR), Paulo Castro, Georgina Correia, Mónica Felício and Emanuel Pombal (IPMA) for the C. lucerna samples.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Map of the Portuguese coast indicating the sampling sites (•) of Chelidonichthys lucerna, Caminha (CAM), Matosinhos (MAT), Aveiro (AVE), Berlengas (BER), Sines (SIN), Milfontes-Arrábida (MIL-ARR), Sagres-Portimão (SAG-POR), including the Douro estuary (DE) location.
Figure 1. Map of the Portuguese coast indicating the sampling sites (•) of Chelidonichthys lucerna, Caminha (CAM), Matosinhos (MAT), Aveiro (AVE), Berlengas (BER), Sines (SIN), Milfontes-Arrábida (MIL-ARR), Sagres-Portimão (SAG-POR), including the Douro estuary (DE) location.
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Figure 2. Transverse section from the left sagittal otolith of a Chelidonichthys lucerna individual (total length, TL = 22 cm) collected along the Portuguese coast showing the entire continuous laser ablation transect made by LA-ICP-MS from core (C) to edge (E).
Figure 2. Transverse section from the left sagittal otolith of a Chelidonichthys lucerna individual (total length, TL = 22 cm) collected along the Portuguese coast showing the entire continuous laser ablation transect made by LA-ICP-MS from core (C) to edge (E).
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Figure 3. Otolith microchemical (Sr:Ca) individual profiles representing the six different patterns of C. lucerna classified as (a) Marine-Estuarine-Marine (MEM); (b) Estuarine-Marine (EM); (c) Estuarine-Marine-Estuarine-Marine (EMEM); (d) Marine-Estuarine-Marine-Estuarine (MEME); (e) Marine-Estuarine (ME); (f) Estuarine (E). The solid line lines represent the minimum and maximum values recorded for the individuals collected in the Douro estuarine zone in 2016. The dashed lines represent the estimated value for [Mean − 1 × SD] and [Mean − 2 × SD] regarding the 35 individuals collected in the Portuguese coastal area during the research vessel in 2007. The red line corresponds to the Sr:Ca associated change points.
Figure 3. Otolith microchemical (Sr:Ca) individual profiles representing the six different patterns of C. lucerna classified as (a) Marine-Estuarine-Marine (MEM); (b) Estuarine-Marine (EM); (c) Estuarine-Marine-Estuarine-Marine (EMEM); (d) Marine-Estuarine-Marine-Estuarine (MEME); (e) Marine-Estuarine (ME); (f) Estuarine (E). The solid line lines represent the minimum and maximum values recorded for the individuals collected in the Douro estuarine zone in 2016. The dashed lines represent the estimated value for [Mean − 1 × SD] and [Mean − 2 × SD] regarding the 35 individuals collected in the Portuguese coastal area during the research vessel in 2007. The red line corresponds to the Sr:Ca associated change points.
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Figure 4. Otolith microchemical (Ba:Ca) profiles of the six different patterns of C. lucerna classified as (a) Marine-Estuarine-Marine (MEM); (b) Estuarine-Marine (EM); (c) Estuarine-Marine-Estuarine-Marine (EMEM); (d) Marine-Estuarine-Marine-Estuarine (MEME); (e) Marine-Estuarine (ME); (f) Estuarine (E). The solid and dahs lines corresponds respectively to Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca values and associated change points (red and blue, respectively).
Figure 4. Otolith microchemical (Ba:Ca) profiles of the six different patterns of C. lucerna classified as (a) Marine-Estuarine-Marine (MEM); (b) Estuarine-Marine (EM); (c) Estuarine-Marine-Estuarine-Marine (EMEM); (d) Marine-Estuarine-Marine-Estuarine (MEME); (e) Marine-Estuarine (ME); (f) Estuarine (E). The solid and dahs lines corresponds respectively to Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca values and associated change points (red and blue, respectively).
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Table
Table 1. Collection site, capture date, sample size (n), total length (TL) and estimated Sr:Ca thresholds for Chelidonichthys lucerna individuals used in this study. Values are presented as mean, range and standard deviation (SD).
Table 1. Collection site, capture date, sample size (n), total length (TL) and estimated Sr:Ca thresholds for Chelidonichthys lucerna individuals used in this study. Values are presented as mean, range and standard deviation (SD).
LocationDateNTL (cm)Sr:Ca (mmol.mol−1)
Mean ± SDRange
Sagres-Portimão13–14 March 2007527.16 ± 4.7521.60–32.90Mean = 6.63
SD = 1.59
Mean − 1 × SD = 5.04
Mean − 2 × SD = 3.45
Arrábida-Milfontes10–12 March 2007531.68 ± 8.1026.10–45.30
Sines17–18 March 2007524.54 ± 3.0122.80–29.80
Berlengas30 March 2007522.56 ± 1.0021.20–23.90
Aveiro29 March 2007523.04 ± 0.9321.80–23.90
Matosinhos26 March 2007522.42 ± 0.9321.00–23.30
Caminha25 March 2007522.50 ± 1.0221.20–23.80
Douro estuary12 December 2016520.16 ± 8.3818.00–21.60Mean = 4.89
Maximum = 5.41
Minimum = 4.28
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Ferreira, I.; Daros, F.A.; Moreira, C.; Feijó, D.; Rocha, A.; Mendez-Vicente, A.; Pisonero, J.; Correia, A.T. Is Chelidonichthys lucerna (Linnaeus, 1758) a Marine Estuarine-Dependent Fish? Insights from Saccular Otolith Microchemistry. Fishes 2023, 8, 383. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070383

AMA Style

Ferreira I, Daros FA, Moreira C, Feijó D, Rocha A, Mendez-Vicente A, Pisonero J, Correia AT. Is Chelidonichthys lucerna (Linnaeus, 1758) a Marine Estuarine-Dependent Fish? Insights from Saccular Otolith Microchemistry. Fishes. 2023; 8(7):383. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070383

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ferreira, Inês, Felippe A. Daros, Cláudia Moreira, Diana Feijó, Alberto Rocha, Ana Mendez-Vicente, Jorge Pisonero, and Alberto Teodorico Correia. 2023. "Is Chelidonichthys lucerna (Linnaeus, 1758) a Marine Estuarine-Dependent Fish? Insights from Saccular Otolith Microchemistry" Fishes 8, no. 7: 383. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070383

APA Style

Ferreira, I., Daros, F. A., Moreira, C., Feijó, D., Rocha, A., Mendez-Vicente, A., Pisonero, J., & Correia, A. T. (2023). Is Chelidonichthys lucerna (Linnaeus, 1758) a Marine Estuarine-Dependent Fish? Insights from Saccular Otolith Microchemistry. Fishes, 8(7), 383. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070383

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