Multiverse of HawkNess: A Universally-Composable MPC-Based Hawk Variant
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. A Private Smart Contract Execution
1.2. Our Contributions
How V-zkHawk Is Different from zkHawk
1.3. Existing Private Smart Contract Protocols
- zkay: zkay [21] extends on Ethereum smart contracts to allow users to share encrypted data on the blockchain. This is not an off-chain protocol but rather works on private data on-chain to prove that data are correctly encrypted and that the smart contract executions are correct.
- Arbitrum: Arbitrum [22] uses virtual machines (VMs) to implement smart contracts. Each party can create smart contract functionality by writing a code that the VMs then implement off-chain. Only verifiable digital signatures are needed to ensure that the parties have agreed on the VMs functionality. This ensures that the contract is executed off-chain. Similar to Hawk, Arbitrum also relies on a manager who is one of the parties to monitor the behavior of the VMs. It also relies on an honest majority setting for privacy guarantees.
- Kachina: Kachina [23] is a more recent PSC protocol that models its security in the UC framework. This provides a more private and secure PSC evaluation for Zcash privacy-preserving payment system, but it does not bode well with a dishonest majority in a malicious setting.
- Zether: Zether [24], being a retro-fitted privacy-preserving smart contract protocol for currency, can be utilized only in places such as sealed-bid auctions or crowdfunding. This protocol cannot be utilized in non-monetary smart contract applications such as e-Voting, Rock-Paper-Scissors, etc.
- Shielded Computations in Smart Contracts: Recent work by V. Botta et al. [25] leverages on-chain MPC protocols for executing smart contracts by forking blockchains such as Ethereum. It works for both honest and dishonest majority setting.
- ShadowEth: ShadowEth [26] utilizes the Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) to generate private smart contract evaluations for public blockchains such as Ethereum. It utilizes the Intel SGX [27] hardware enclave to implement the protocol that creates an isolated secure environment running parallel to the OS.
1.4. Outline of the Paper
2. Preliminaries
- ∀,∈ it satisfies the relation =
- ∀←, it satisfies the relation
2.1. Universal Composability
- The protocol πϕ, i.e,
- The protocol π
2.2. Smart Contract
- For all choices of and , one of the following statements is true
- 1.
- 2.
where .
3. Variant zkHawk (V-zkHawk)
3.1. Preprocessing Phase
3.2. Freeze Phase
3.3. Computation Phase
- :
- –
- –
- For all :
- *
- –
- –
- Return
3.4. Finalization Phase
3.5. Financial Penalties for Malicious Parties
4. Ideal Functionalities and UC Security Analysis
4.1. Threat Model
4.2. Security Proof
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Notations/Symbols
This notation denotes that a is sampled according to the distribution B | |
The set of elements | |
C is a commitment for the value x and randomness r | |
The distributions and are computationally indistinguishable | |
Environment | |
Real World Adversary | |
Ideal World Simulator | |
$ | Currency values |
Party identifiers | |
Session identifiers | |
x is an ideal functionality | |
or | x is a V-zkHawk function |
P | Set of |
Symmetric Key for Encryption | |
EUF-CMA One time Key homomorphic signature scheme |
Appendix A. UC Framework
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Banerjee, A.; Tewari, H. Multiverse of HawkNess: A Universally-Composable MPC-Based Hawk Variant. Cryptography 2022, 6, 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography6030039
Banerjee A, Tewari H. Multiverse of HawkNess: A Universally-Composable MPC-Based Hawk Variant. Cryptography. 2022; 6(3):39. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography6030039
Chicago/Turabian StyleBanerjee, Aritra, and Hitesh Tewari. 2022. "Multiverse of HawkNess: A Universally-Composable MPC-Based Hawk Variant" Cryptography 6, no. 3: 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography6030039