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Biomimetics
Volume 10
Issue 12
10.3390/biomimetics10120804
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Biomimetic Design and Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of TiO2 Filled Composite Sphere Scaffolds: Energy-Absorbing and Electromagnetic Properties

by
Marsel Akhmatnabiev
1,
Alexander Petrov
2,
Mikhail Timoshenko
1,
Maxim Sychov
3,4,
Semyon Diachenko
3,
Maxim Arsentev
5,
Alexander Bakulin
5,
Ekaterina Skorb
5 and
Michael Nosonovsky
5,6,*
1
Branch of B. P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”—I.V. Grebenshchikov Institute of Silicate Chemistry, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
2
Scientific and Research Institute «Vector», St. Petersburg 197022, Russia
3
St. Petersburg State Technological Institute (Technical University), St. Petersburg 190013, Russia
4
Central Research Institute of Structural Materials «PROMETEY», St. Petersburg 191015, Russia
5
Infochemistry Scientific Center (ISC), ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova St., St. Petersburg 191002, Russia
6
College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomimetics 2025, 10(12), 804; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10120804 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 8 October 2025 / Revised: 19 November 2025 / Accepted: 28 November 2025 / Published: 1 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Energy-Absorbing Materials or Structures)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The development of composite materials with tunable dielectric properties that preserve mechanical performance is essential for next-generation radio engineering devices. In this study, composite filaments based on acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) with 0–40 wt.% TiO2 solid loading were developed for 3D printing. The dielectric permittivity and mechanical properties of the 3D-printed parts strongly depend on the TiO2 content. Using these filaments, we fabricated biomimetic lattices based on triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs) using fused filament fabrication (FFF). The intrinsic porosity of the TPMS lattices further enables tuning of dielectric permittivity, facilitating their integration into gradient-index components. This multifunctionality was demonstrated by fabricating a spherical Luneburg lens prototype, which exhibited stable antenna performance in the 8.0–12.5 GHz frequency range. The results confirm that TPMS lattices based on the ABS-TiO2 composite can simultaneously deliver mechanical robustness and dielectric tunability, opening new pathways toward multifunctional components for advanced radio engineering systems and beyond.
Keywords: energy absorption; biomimetic cellular lattices; mechanical properties; cellular materials; antenna lens; dielectric permittivity; additive manufacturing; 3D printing; cellular gradient materials; triply periodic minimal surfaces energy absorption; biomimetic cellular lattices; mechanical properties; cellular materials; antenna lens; dielectric permittivity; additive manufacturing; 3D printing; cellular gradient materials; triply periodic minimal surfaces

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MDPI and ACS Style

Akhmatnabiev, M.; Petrov, A.; Timoshenko, M.; Sychov, M.; Diachenko, S.; Arsentev, M.; Bakulin, A.; Skorb, E.; Nosonovsky, M. Biomimetic Design and Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of TiO2 Filled Composite Sphere Scaffolds: Energy-Absorbing and Electromagnetic Properties. Biomimetics 2025, 10, 804. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10120804

AMA Style

Akhmatnabiev M, Petrov A, Timoshenko M, Sychov M, Diachenko S, Arsentev M, Bakulin A, Skorb E, Nosonovsky M. Biomimetic Design and Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of TiO2 Filled Composite Sphere Scaffolds: Energy-Absorbing and Electromagnetic Properties. Biomimetics. 2025; 10(12):804. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10120804

Chicago/Turabian Style

Akhmatnabiev, Marsel, Alexander Petrov, Mikhail Timoshenko, Maxim Sychov, Semyon Diachenko, Maxim Arsentev, Alexander Bakulin, Ekaterina Skorb, and Michael Nosonovsky. 2025. "Biomimetic Design and Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of TiO2 Filled Composite Sphere Scaffolds: Energy-Absorbing and Electromagnetic Properties" Biomimetics 10, no. 12: 804. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10120804

APA Style

Akhmatnabiev, M., Petrov, A., Timoshenko, M., Sychov, M., Diachenko, S., Arsentev, M., Bakulin, A., Skorb, E., & Nosonovsky, M. (2025). Biomimetic Design and Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of TiO2 Filled Composite Sphere Scaffolds: Energy-Absorbing and Electromagnetic Properties. Biomimetics, 10(12), 804. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10120804

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