The Role of the Triple Helix Model in Promoting the Circular Economy: Government-Led Integration Strategies and Practical Application
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Referential
3. Scientific Method
3.1. Step 1—Definition of the Basic Elements of the Work
3.2. Step 2—Establishing Criteria for Selecting Units of Analysis
3.3. Step 3—Mapping the Technical-Scientific Scenario
3.3.1. Data Sources for Technical–Scientific Mapping
3.3.2. Data Analysis and Interpretation
3.4. Step 4—Data Treatment and Systematization of the Main Findings
3.5. Step 5—Presentation and Discussion of Results and Conclusions
4. Technical–Scientific Scenario
4.1. United Kingdom
4.2. China
4.3. United States
5. Proposition and Discussion of a Framework for CE Development
5.1. Government
5.2. Organization
5.3. Academia
5.4. Roadmap for CE Development
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Detailed Description of the Research Method
Stage (A–N) | |
---|---|
Step 1—Defining the basic elements of the work | A—Definition of the theme |
B—Identifying the scientific gap | |
C—Elaborating the research question | |
D—Establishing the research objectives | |
E—Choosing the scientific method | |
Step 2—Establishing criteria for selecting units of analysis | F—Definition of search parameters |
G—Ranking of countries to collect information and data | |
Step 3—Mapping the Technical–Scientific Scenario | H—Collection of information and data from selected countries |
I—Critical interpretation of selected documents | |
Step 4—Data treatment and systematization of the main findings | J—Exploration of information from technical and scientific documents from the three countries chosen to compose the Technical–Scientific Scenario |
K—Systematization of information about the CE in the technical–scientific literature by country | |
Step 5—Presentation and discussion of results and conclusions | L—Framework proposal for CE development based on the Triple Helix model |
M—Discussion of results | |
N—Answer to the research question |
References
- Lee, Y.-J.; Chai, L.; Wu, P.-S. Taiwan’s Ecological Footprint and Overshoot Day. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 15068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Venugopal, P.; Kour, H. Integrating the Circular Economy into Engineering Programs in India: A Study of Students’ Familiarity with the Concept. Ind. High. Educ. 2021, 35, 264–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bennett, R.E.; Sillett, T.S.; Rice, R.A.; Marra, P.P. Impact of Cocoa Agricultural Intensification on Bird Diversity and Community Composition. Conserv. Biol. 2022, 36, e13779. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Grieger, K.; Merck, A.; Deviney, A.; Marshall, A. What Are Stakeholder Views and Needs for Achieving Phosphorus Sustainability? Environ. Syst. Decis. 2024, 44, 114–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iskandar, E.; Amanah, S.; Hubeis, A.V.S.; Sadono, D. Structural Equation Model of Farmer Competence and Cocoa Sustainability in Aceh, Indonesia. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2021, 644, 012008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lähteenmäki-Uutela, A.; Ituarte-Lima, C.; Turunen, T.; Ott, A.; Lonkila, A.; Haukioja, T. Planetary Boundaries Nurturing the Grand Narrative of the Right to a Healthy Environment? Environ. Policy Law 2024, 54, 15–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Wang, X.; Engel, B.A.; Hua, E.; Sun, S.; Wu, P.; Wang, Y. Integrating Environmental Footprints and Planetary Boundaries for Assessing Environmental Sustainability in Food Production. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 2024, 48, 205–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sa’adah, M.; Santoso, I.; Choirun, A.; Tuakia, M.Z. Sustainable Cocoa Supply Chain in East Java, Indonesia: Potential and Risk Identification. BIO Web Conf. 2024, 90, 03006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, J.; Wang, L.; Jiao, X.; Meng, F.; Zhang, L.; Feng, G.; Zhang, J.; Yuan, L.; Ma, L.; Hou, Y.; et al. Innovations of Phosphorus Sustainability: Implications for the Whole Chain. Front. Agric. Sci. Eng. 2019, 6, 321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Z.; Shan, Y.; Zhao, D.; Tillotson, M.R.; Cai, B.; Li, X.; Zheng, H.; Zhao, C.; Guan, D.; Liu, J.; et al. City Level Water Withdrawal and Scarcity Accounts of China. Sci. Data 2024, 11, 449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, T.; Li, P.; Fang, C.; Jiang, R. Phosphate Recovery from Animal Manure Wastewater by Struvite Crystallization and CO2 Degasification Reactor. Ecol. Chem. Eng. 2014, 21, 89–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kurita, A.E.; Espuny, M.; Campos, T.L.R.; Kazançoğlu, Y.; Kandsamy, J.; de Oliveira, O.J. Drivers for Circular Economy Development: Making Businesses More Environmentally Friendly. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2023, 30, 79553–79570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dunmade, I.S.; Oyedepo, S.; Fayomi, O.; Udo, M. Government Policies and Engineers’ Roles in Facilitating Nigeria’s Transition to Circular Economy. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2019, 1378, 022097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sigüenza, C.P.; Cucurachi, S.; Tukker, A. Circular Business Models of Washing Machines in the Netherlands: Material and Climate Change Implications toward 2050. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 2021, 26, 1084–1098. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- van Bueren, B.J.A.; Argus, K.; Iyer-Raniga, U.; Leenders, M.A.A.M. The Circular Economy Operating and Stakeholder Model “Eco-5HM” to Avoid Circular Fallacies That Prevent Sustainability. J. Clean. Prod. 2023, 391, 136096. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Etzkowitz, H.; Zhou, C. The Triple Helix; Routledge: Abingdon, UK, 2017; ISBN 9781315620183. [Google Scholar]
- Leydesdorff, L.; Etzkowitz, H. Emergence of a Triple Helix of University—Industry—Government Relations. Sci. Public Policy 1996, 23, 279–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- da Rocha, A.B.T.; de Oliveira, K.B.; Espuny, M.; da Motta Reis, J.S.; Oliveira, O.J. Business Transformation Through Sustainability Based on Industry 4.0. Heliyon 2022, 8, e10015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carvalho, F.; Santos, G.; Gonçalves, J. Critical Analysis of Information about Integrated Management Systems and Environmental Policy on the Portuguese Firms’ Website, towards Sustainable Development. Corp. Soc. Responsib. Environ. Manag. 2020, 27, 1069–1088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anuardo, R.G.; Espuny, M.; Costa, A.C.F.; Oliveira, O.J. Toward a Cleaner and More Sustainable World: A Framework to Develop and Improve Waste Management through Organizations, Governments and Academia. Heliyon 2022, 8, e09225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Mello Santos, V.H.; Campos, T.L.R.; Espuny, M.; de Oliveira, O.J. Towards a Green Industry through Cleaner Production Development. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2022, 29, 349–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anttonen, M.; Lammi, M.; Mykkänen, J.; Repo, P. Circular Economy in the Triple Helix of Innovation Systems. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Etzkowitz, H. Innovation in Innovation: The Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations. Soc. Sci. Inf. 2003, 42, 293–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Austin, A.; Rahman, I.U. A Triple Helix of Market Failures: Financing the 3Rs of the Circular Economy in European SMEs. J. Clean. Prod. 2022, 361, 132284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Castro Oliveira, J.; Lopes, J.M.; Farinha, L.; Silva, S.; Luízio, M. Orchestrating Entrepreneurial Ecosystems in Circular Economy: The New Paradigm of Sustainable Competitiveness. Manag. Environ. Qual. Int. J. 2022, 33, 103–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Medici, S.; Riganti, P.; Viola, S. Circular Economy and the Role of Universities in Urban Regeneration: The Case of Ortigia, Syracuse. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghisellini, P.; Cialani, C.; Ulgiati, S. A Review on Circular Economy: The Expected Transition to a Balanced Interplay of Environmental and Economic Systems. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 114, 11–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Govindan, K.; Hasanagic, M. A Systematic Review on Drivers, Barriers, and Practices towards Circular Economy: A Supply Chain Perspective. Int. J. Prod. Res. 2018, 56, 278–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sauvé, S.; Bernard, S.; Sloan, P. Environmental Sciences, Sustainable Development and Circular Economy: Alternative Concepts for Trans-Disciplinary Research. Environ. Dev. 2016, 17, 48–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tauseef Hassan, S.; Wang, P.; Khan, I.; Zhu, B. The Impact of Economic Complexity, Technology Advancements, and Nuclear Energy Consumption on the Ecological Footprint of the USA: Towards Circular Economy Initiatives. Gondwana Res. 2023, 113, 237–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geissdoerfer, M.; Savaget, P.; Bocken, N.M.P.; Hultink, E.J. The Circular Economy—A New Sustainability Paradigm? J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 143, 757–768. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McDowall, W.; Geng, Y.; Huang, B.; Barteková, E.; Bleischwitz, R.; Türkeli, S.; Kemp, R.; Doménech, T. Circular Economy Policies in China and Europe. J. Ind. Ecol. 2017, 21, 651–661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rehman Khan, S.A.; Yu, Z.; Sarwat, S.; Godil, D.I.; Amin, S.; Shujaat, S. The Role of Block Chain Technology in Circular Economy Practices to Improve Organisational Performance. Int. J. Logist. Res. Appl. 2022, 25, 605–622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kirchherr, J.; Piscicelli, L.; Bour, R.; Kostense-Smit, E.; Muller, J.; Huibrechtse-Truijens, A.; Hekkert, M. Barriers to the Circular Economy: Evidence From the European Union (EU). Ecol. Econ. 2018, 150, 264–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Corvellec, H.; Stowell, A.F.; Johansson, N. Critiques of the Circular Economy. J. Ind. Ecol. 2022, 26, 421–432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lieder, M.; Rashid, A. Towards Circular Economy Implementation: A Comprehensive Review in Context of Manufacturing Industry. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 115, 36–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schroeder, P.; Anggraeni, K.; Weber, U. The Relevance of Circular Economy Practices to the Sustainable Development Goals. J. Ind. Ecol. 2019, 23, 77–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Genovese, A.; Acquaye, A.A.; Figueroa, A.; Koh, S.C.L. Sustainable Supply Chain Management and the Transition towards a Circular Economy: Evidence and Some Applications. Omega 2017, 66, 344–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malinauskaite, J.; Jouhara, H.; Czajczyńska, D.; Stanchev, P.; Katsou, E.; Rostkowski, P.; Thorne, R.J.; Colón, J.; Ponsá, S.; Al-Mansour, F.; et al. Municipal Solid Waste Management and Waste-to-Energy in the Context of a Circular Economy and Energy Recycling in Europe. Energy 2017, 141, 2013–2044. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geissdoerfer, M.; Morioka, S.N.; de Carvalho, M.M.; Evans, S. Business Models and Supply Chains for the Circular Economy. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 190, 712–721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morseletto, P. Targets for a Circular Economy. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2020, 153, 104553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Campos, T.L.R.; da Silva, F.F.; de Oliveira, K.B.; de Oliveira, O.J. Maturity Grid to Evaluate and Improve Environmental Management in Industrial Companies. Clean Technol. Environ. Policy 2020, 22, 1485–1497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ogunmakinde, O.E. A Review of Circular Economy Development Models in China, Germany and Japan. Recycling 2019, 4, 27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Queiroz, F.C.B.P.; Lima, N.C.; da Silva, C.L.; Queiroz, J.V.; de Souza, G.H.S. Purchase Intentions for Brazilian Recycled PET Products—Circular Economy Opportunities. Recycling 2021, 6, 75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kulakovskaya, A.; Knoeri, C.; Radke, F.; Blum, N.U. Measuring the Economic Impacts of a Circular Economy: An Evaluation of Indicators. Circ. Econ. Sustain. 2023, 3, 657–692. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bocken, N.M.P.; de Pauw, I.; Bakker, C.; van der Grinten, B. Product Design and Business Model Strategies for a Circular Economy. J. Ind. Prod. Eng. 2016, 33, 308–320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Winans, K.; Kendall, A.; Deng, H. The History and Current Applications of the Circular Economy Concept. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 68, 825–833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murray, A.; Skene, K.; Haynes, K. The Circular Economy: An Interdisciplinary Exploration of the Concept and Application in a Global Context. J. Bus. Ethics 2017, 140, 369–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Viriato, V.; Carvalho, S.A.D.D.; Santoro, B.D.L.; Bonfim, F.P.G. A Business Model for Circular Bioeconomy: Edible Mushroom Production and Its Alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Recycling 2024, 9, 68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qasem, F.; Sharaan, M.; Fujii, M.; Nasr, M. Recycling of Egyptian Shammi Corn Stalks for Maintaining Sustainable Cement Industry: Scoring on Sustainable Development Goals. Recycling 2024, 9, 34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chiappetta Jabbour, C.J.; De Camargo Fiorini, P.; Wong, C.W.Y.; Jugend, D.; Lopes De Sousa Jabbour, A.B.; Roman Pais Seles, B.M.; Paula Pinheiro, M.A.; Ribeiro da Silva, H.M. First-Mover Firms in the Transition towards the Sharing Economy in Metallic Natural Resource-Intensive Industries: Implications for the Circular Economy and Emerging Industry 4.0 Technologies. Resour. Policy 2020, 66, 101596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Merli, R.; Preziosi, M.; Acampora, A. How Do Scholars Approach the Circular Economy? A Systematic Literature Review. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 178, 703–722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Islam, M.T.; Iyer-Raniga, U. Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling in the Circular Economy: A Review. Recycling 2022, 7, 33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- United Kingdom. Our Waste, Our Resources: A Strategy for England. Available online: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/765914/resources-waste-strategy-dec-2018.pdf (accessed on 5 January 2023).
- Georgescu, I.; Kinnunen, J.; Androniceanu, A.M. Empirical Evidence on Circular Economy and Economic Development in Europe: A Panel Approach. J. Bus. Econ. Manag. 2021, 23, 199–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kalmykova, Y.; Sadagopan, M.; Rosado, L. Circular Economy—From Review of Theories and Practices to Development of Implementation Tools. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2018, 135, 190–201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blomsma, F.; Brennan, G. The Emergence of Circular Economy: A New Framing Around Prolonging Resource Productivity. J. Ind. Ecol. 2017, 21, 603–614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zink, T.; Geyer, R. Circular Economy Rebound. J. Ind. Ecol. 2017, 21, 593–602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Royo, M.; Chulvi, V.; Mulet, E.; Ruiz-Pastor, L. Analysis of Parameters about Useful Life Extension in 70 Tools and Methods Related to Eco-design and Circular Economy. J. Ind. Ecol. 2023, 27, 562–586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Korhonen, J.; Honkasalo, A.; Seppälä, J. Circular Economy: The Concept and Its Limitations. Ecol. Econ. 2018, 143, 37–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lewandowski, M. Designing the Business Models for Circular Economy—Towards the Conceptual Framework. Sustainability 2016, 8, 43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kowasch, M. Circular Economy, Cradle to Cradle and Zero Waste Frameworks in Teacher Education for Sustainability. Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ. 2022, 23, 1404–1425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Korhonen, J.; Nuur, C.; Feldmann, A.; Birkie, S.E. Circular Economy as an Essentially Contested Concept. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 175, 544–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aldieri, L.; Brahmi, M.; Bruno, B.; Vinci, C.P. Circular Economy Business Models: The Complementarities with Sharing Economy and Eco-Innovations Investments. Sustainability 2021, 13, 12438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Henry, M.; Schraven, D.; Bocken, N.; Frenken, K.; Hekkert, M.; Kirchherr, J. The Battle of the Buzzwords: A Comparative Review of the Circular Economy and the Sharing Economy Concepts. Environ. Innov. Soc. Transit. 2021, 38, 1–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agyabeng-Mensah, Y.; Tang, L.; Afum, E.; Baah, C.; Dacosta, E. Organisational Identity and Circular Economy: Are Inter and Intra Organisational Learning, Lean Management and Zero Waste Practices Worth Pursuing? Sustain. Prod. Consum. 2021, 28, 648–662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stavropoulos, P.; Papacharalampopoulos, A.; Tzimanis, K.; Petrides, D.; Chryssolouris, G. On the Relationship between Circular and Innovation Approach to Economy. Sustainability 2021, 13, 11829. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gorokhova, T.; Shpatakova, O.; Toponar, O.; Zolotarova, O.; Pavliuk, S. Circular Economy as an Alternative to the Traditional Linear Economy: Case Study of the EU. Rev. De Gestão Soc. E Ambient. 2023, 17, e03385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prieto-Sandoval, V.; Jaca, C.; Ormazabal, M. Towards a Consensus on the Circular Economy. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 179, 605–615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Witjes, S.; Lozano, R. Towards a More Circular Economy: Proposing a Framework Linking Sustainable Public Procurement and Sustainable Business Models. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2016, 112, 37–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reike, D.; Vermeulen, W.J.V.; Witjes, S. The Circular Economy: New or Refurbished as CE 3.0?—Exploring Controversies in the Conceptualization of the Circular Economy through a Focus on History and Resource Value Retention Options. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2018, 135, 246–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nizami, A.S.; Rehan, M.; Waqas, M.; Naqvi, M.; Ouda, O.K.M.; Shahzad, K.; Miandad, R.; Khan, M.Z.; Syamsiro, M.; Ismail, I.M.I.; et al. Waste Biorefineries: Enabling Circular Economies in Developing Countries. Bioresour. Technol. 2017, 241, 1101–1117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Radivojević, V.; Rađenović, T.; Dimovski, J. The Role of Circular Economy in Driving Economic Growth: Evidence from EU Countries. Sage Open 2024, 14, 21582440241240624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Espuny, M.; Faria Neto, A.; Reis, J.S.M.; dos Santos Neto, S.T.; Nunhes, T.V.; Oliveira, O.J. Building New Paths for Responsible Solid Waste Management. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2021, 193, 442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kothari, C.R.; Garg, G. Research Methodology Methods and Techniques; New Age International: Nova Deli, India, 2019; ISBN 978-9386649225. [Google Scholar]
- Alcayaga, A.; Wiener, M.; Hansen, E.G. Towards a Framework of Smart-Circular Systems: An Integrative Literature Review. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 221, 622–634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oliveira, O.J.; Rocha, A.B.T.; Costa, A.C.F.; Espuny, M. Technical-Scientific Scenario Based on the Triple Helix: Innovative Approach Beyond Bibliometrics. In Bibliometrics—An Essential Methodological Tool for Research Projects; IntechOpen: London, UK, 2024. [Google Scholar]
- Cronin, M.A.; George, E. The Why and How of the Integrative Review. Organ. Res. Methods 2023, 26, 168–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mendes, K.D.S.; Silveira, R.C.D.C.P.; Galvão, C.M. Revisão Integrativa: Método de Pesquisa Para a Incorporação de Evidências Na Saúde e Na Enfermagem. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2008, 17, 758–764. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schurz, M.; Radua, J.; Tholen, M.G.; Maliske, L.; Margulies, D.S.; Mars, R.B.; Sallet, J.; Kanske, P. Toward a Hierarchical Model of Social Cognition: A Neuroimaging Meta-Analysis and Integrative Review of Empathy and Theory of Mind. Psychol. Bull. 2021, 147, 293–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Sousa Alvarenga, A.B.C.; Espuny, M.; da Motta Reis, J.S.; Silva, F.D.O.; de Souza Sampaio, N.A.; Nunhes, T.V.; Barbosa, L.C.F.M.; Santos, G.; de Oliveira, O.J. The Main Perspectives of The Quality of Life of Students In The Secondary Cycle: An Overview of The Opportunities, Challenges and Elements of Greatest Impact. Int. J. Qual. Res. 2021, 15, 983–1006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nunhes, T.V.; Motta Barbosa, L.C.F.; de Oliveira, O.J. Identification and Analysis of the Elements and Functions Integrable in Integrated Management Systems. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 142, 3225–3235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nunhes, T.V.; Viviani Garcia, E.; Espuny, M.; Homem de Mello Santos, V.; Isaksson, R.; José de Oliveira, O. Where to Go with Corporate Sustainability? Opening Paths for Sustainable Businesses through the Collaboration between Universities, Governments, and Organizations. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, M.; Zhou, Y.; Zhou, D.K. Comparing the Innovation Strategies of Chinese and European Wind Turbine Firms through a Patent Lens. Environ. Innov. Soc. Transit. 2019, 30, 6–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roach, M.; Cohen, W.M. Lens or Prism? Patent Citations as a Measure of Knowledge Flows from Public Research. Manag. Sci. 2013, 59, 504–525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hirsch, J.E. Does the h Index Have Predictive Power? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104, 19193–19198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Corporate Knights. 2021 Global 100 Ranking|Corporate Knights. Available online: https://www.corporateknights.com/channels/leadership/2021-global-100-ranking-16115328/ (accessed on 18 July 2021).
- Circular. Circular Pioneers|Innovative Start-Ups Driving the Circular Economy. Available online: https://www.circularonline.co.uk/features/circular-pioneers-innovative-start-ups-driving-the-circular-economy/ (accessed on 18 July 2021).
- Medium Circular Economy in China: Six Examples. Available online: https://medium.com/circulatenews/circular-economy-in-china-six-examples-2709982763f2 (accessed on 12 March 2025).
- Recycling Startups Recycling Startups. Available online: https://www.recyclingstartups.org/ (accessed on 18 July 2021).
- Reis, J.S.D.M.; Espuny, M.; Nunhes, T.V.; Sampaio, N.A.D.S.; Isaksson, R.; Campos, F.C.D.; Oliveira, O.J.D. Striding towards Sustainability: A Framework to Overcome Challenges and Explore Opportunities through Industry 4.0. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- United Kingdom. Circular Economy Package Policy Statement. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/circular-economy-package-policy-statement/circular-economy-package-policy-statement (accessed on 20 June 2021).
- Wales Beyond Recycling. Available online: https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2021-03/beyond-recycling-strategy-document.pdf (accessed on 5 January 2023).
- Northern Ireland Delivering Resource Efficiency. Available online: https://www.daera-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/doe/waste-policy-delivering-resource-efficiency-northern-ireland-waste-management-strategy-2013.pdf (accessed on 6 January 2023).
- Scotland Making Things Last: A Circular Economy Strategy for Scotland. Available online: https://www.gov.scot/publications/making-things-last-circular-economy-strategy-scotland/ (accessed on 6 January 2023).
- Sutton, P. Recycling Method and Taggant for a Recyclable Product. PCT/GB2019/050793, 21 March 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Hughes, C. Polyferric Sulphate Solution. U.S.11008221B2, 18 May 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Rose, T. Impact Laboratories Limited T/A Impact Solutions. WO2020058679A1, 26 March 2020. Available online: https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2020058679A1/en?oq=+WO2020%2f058679A1 (accessed on 12 March 2025).
- Gomi. We Design for Circular Lifespans. Available online: https://gomi.design/ (accessed on 29 August 2023).
- Young Planet. If You’re a Parent, You’ll Love YoungPlanet. Available online: https://www.youngplanet.com/#about-youngplanet (accessed on 29 August 2023).
- Fullcircle. Cambridge Food. Available online: https://fullcircleshop.co.uk/collections/food (accessed on 29 August 2023).
- Atlantica. Atlantica Sustainable Infrastructure-2019. Available online: https://www.atlantica.com/documents/2019_ESG_Report_www.atlantica.com_FV.pdf (accessed on 5 January 2023).
- Unilever. Future-Fit Purpose-Led. Available online: https://assets.unilever.com/files/92ui5egz/production/7d79f25174b0fb0f12cd165dae7d7e6ec7c084b4.pdf (accessed on 5 January 2023).
- Group, B. Digital Impact and Sustainability Report 2019/20. Available online: https://www.bt.com/about/annual-reports/2020summary/assets/documents/bt-digital-impact-sustainability-report-2019-20.pdf (accessed on 5 January 2023).
- Nascimento, D.L.M.; Alencastro, V.; Quelhas, O.L.G.; Caiado, R.G.G.; Garza-Reyes, J.A.; Rocha-Lona, L.; Tortorella, G. Exploring Industry 4.0 Technologies to Enable Circular Economy Practices in a Manufacturing Context. J. Manuf. Technol. Manag. 2019, 30, 607–627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ibn-Mohammed, T.; Mustapha, K.B.; Godsell, J.; Adamu, Z.; Babatunde, K.A.; Akintade, D.D.; Acquaye, A.; Fujii, H.; Ndiaye, M.M.; Yamoah, F.A.; et al. A Critical Analysis of the Impacts of COVID-19 on the Global Economy and Ecosystems and Opportunities for Circular Economy Strategies. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2021, 164, 105169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- University of Exeter Business School Professor Fiona Charnley. Available online: https://business-school.exeter.ac.uk/about/people/profile/index.php?web_id=Fiona_Charnley (accessed on 29 August 2023).
- LOOP Prof Jose Arturo Garza-Reyes. Available online: https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1042040/overview (accessed on 29 August 2023).
- London Metropolitan University Dr Anil Kumar. Available online: https://www.londonmet.ac.uk/profiles/staff/dr-anil-kumar/ (accessed on 29 August 2023).
- United Kingdom. Resources and Waste Strategy: At a Glance. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/resources-and-waste-strategy-for-england/resources-and-waste-strategy-at-a-glance (accessed on 5 January 2023).
- United Kingdom. Circular Economy Centres to Drive UK to a Sustainable Future. Available online: https://www.ukri.org/news/circular-economy-centres-to-drive-uk-to-a-sustainable-future/ (accessed on 12 December 2022).
- United Kingdom. Circular Economy for SMEs—Innovating with the NICER Programme. Available online: https://apply-for-innovation-funding.service.gov.uk/competition/1021/overview#summary (accessed on 12 December 2022).
- University of Manchester Sustainable Consumption Institute. Available online: https://www.sci.manchester.ac.uk/research/working-groups/ (accessed on 5 January 2023).
- University of the West of England UWE Bristol. Available online: https://www.uwe.ac.uk/?utm_source=googlemybusiness&utm_medium=organic (accessed on 29 August 2023).
- University of Cambridge Circular Economy Centre. Available online: https://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/centres/circular-economy/ (accessed on 5 January 2023).
- Local Governments for Sustainability Supporting Sustainable Economic Development Through Circular Solutions. Available online: https://circulars.iclei.org/china-hub/ (accessed on 5 January 2023).
- Congressional-Executive Commission on China. Available online: https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/circular-economy-promotion-law-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-chinese (accessed on 5 January 2023).
- Liy, M.V. China Fecha Definitivamente Suas Fronteiras ao Lixo de Outros Países. Available online: https://www.mpmt.mp.br/portalcao/news/732/96419/china-fecha-definitivamente-suas-fronteiras-ao-lixo-de-outros-paises#:~:text=China (accessed on 4 March 2023).
- Guo, P. Flame Retardant, Composite Flame Retardant, Flame Retardant Antistatic Composition and Flame Resistant Method. EP3241864A1, 8 November 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Covaci, A.; Madeo, S.; Motylinski, P.; Vincent, S. Computer-Implemented Systems and Methods for Linking a Blockchain to a Digital Twin. WO2019087008A1, 9 May 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Yue, Z. A Kind of Additive That Reduces the Rate of Cellulose Fiber Loss in the Papermaking Process. CN111235965A, 10 March 2020. Available online: https://patents.google.com/patent/CN111235965A/en?oq=CN+111235965+A (accessed on 5 January 2023).
- Ellen MacArthur. Foundation Case Studies and Examples of Circular Economy in Action. Available online: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/topics/circular-economy-introduction/examples?sortBy=rel#:~:text=HuaduWorldwideTransmissionisaremanufacturing (accessed on 4 March 2023).
- GEM Co. Electronic Waste Recycling Business. Available online: https://en.gem.com.cn/Business/info.aspx?itemid=7188 (accessed on 4 March 2023).
- Ellen MacArthur. Foundation Fashion and the Circular Economy—Deep Dive. Available online: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/fashion-and-the-circular-economy-deep-dive (accessed on 4 March 2023).
- Lenovo Group. 2020/21 Environmental, Social, and Governance Report. Available online: https://investor.lenovo.com/en/sustainability/reports/FY2021-lenovo-sustainability-report.pdf (accessed on 4 March 2023).
- BYD Company. 2017 BYD CSR Report. Available online: https://en.byd.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/BYD_CSR_2017.pdf (accessed on 4 March 2023).
- Research Sergio Ulgiati. Available online: https://research.com/u/sergio-ulgiati (accessed on 29 August 2023).
- Yong Geng, PhD. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption. Available online: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/cleaner-and-responsible-consumption/editorial-board/yong-geng-phd (accessed on 29 August 2023).
- Khan, S.A.R.; Yu, Z. Strategic Supply Chain Management; EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; ISBN 978-3-030-15057-0. [Google Scholar]
- National Nature Science Foundation of China. The Research Findings of How to Globalize the Circular Economy Was Published in Nature. Available online: https://www.nsfc.gov.cn/english/site_1/news/A2/2019/03-06/152.html (accessed on 5 January 2023).
- Whenzhou-Kean University. Available online: https://zjui.intl.zju.edu.cn/en/news/1290 (accessed on 4 March 2023).
- Beijing Normal University. The 3rd International Students’ Ecology & Environment Forum. Available online: https://english.bnu.edu.cn/newsevents/events/119402.htm (accessed on 5 January 2023).
- Universiteit Leiden. Tsinghua and Leiden Researchers Find That China Is Crucial for Realising a Circular Economy. Available online: https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/news/2019/12/tsinghua-and-leiden-researchers-find-that-china-is-crucial-for-realizing-a-circular-economy (accessed on 29 August 2023).
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University. About Us. Available online: https://lcc.sjtu.edu.cn/En/Data/List/1-1 (accessed on 5 January 2023).
- Wind Energy Technologies. Office No Time to Waste: A Circular Economy Strategy for Wind Energy. Available online: https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/articles/no-time-waste-circular-economy-strategy-wind-energy (accessed on 5 January 2023).
- Austin. Shop Zero Waste. Available online: https://www.austintexas.gov/shopzero (accessed on 12 December 2022).
- California Legislative. Introduced by Assembly Members Cristina Garcia and Gray. Available online: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB842 (accessed on 10 January 2023).
- Chevron. Circular Economy for Plastic Waste to Polyethylene and Chemicals via Refinery Crude Unit. US11518943B2, 6 December 2022. Available online: https://patents.google.com/patent/US11518943B2/en (accessed on 10 January 2023).
- Procter and Gamble. Recycling of Superabsorbent Polymer via UV Irradiation in Flow System. Available online: https://www.lens.org/lens/patent/156-875-037-823-131/frontpage (accessed on 10 January 2023).
- Industrial Technology Research Institute. Method for Preparing α-Cellulose, Spinning Composition, and Fiber Material. Available online: https://www.lens.org/lens/patent/034-368-348-665-10X/fulltext?l=en (accessed on 10 January 2023).
- Recyclops. About Us. Available online: https://recyclops.com/about-us/ (accessed on 10 January 2023).
- Solve. Closed Loop Calcium Recycling: Scrappy Pet Treats. Available online: https://solve.mit.edu/solutions/8586 (accessed on 12 December 2022).
- Goodr. About Us. Available online: https://goodr.co/our-story/ (accessed on 10 January 2023).
- American Water. American Water’s 2019–2020 Sustainability Report. Available online: https://ir.amwater.com/all-articles/all-articles-details/2021/American-Water-Announces-Publication-of-Latest-Sustainability-Report/default.aspx (accessed on 10 January 2023).
- McCormick & Company. Purpose-Led Performance Report. Available online: https://d1e3z2jco40k3v.cloudfront.net/-/media/corp18/files/2017-purpose-led-performance-report.pdf?rev=cf1e92f5bb2b408697542e28c9279acf&vd=20200707T034335Z&extension=webp&hash=5FA3837A67A46864ABAA2D0A62C3F180 (accessed on 5 January 2023).
- CISCO CSR. Report 2019—Our Story. Available online: https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/m/en_us/about/csr/csr-report/2019/_pdf/csr-report-our-story-2019.pdf (accessed on 5 January 2023).
- Saidani, M.; Yannou, B.; Leroy, Y.; Cluzel, F.; Kendall, A. A Taxonomy of Circular Economy Indicators. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 207, 542–559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jabbour, C.J.C.; de Sousa Jabbour, A.B.L.; Sarkis, J.; Filho, M.G. Unlocking the Circular Economy through New Business Models Based on Large-Scale Data: An Integrative Framework and Research Agenda. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 2019, 144, 546–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute Joseph Sarkis. Available online: https://www.wpi.edu/people/faculty/jsarkis (accessed on 29 August 2023).
- Market Scale Professor. Callie Babbitt on the Intersection Between Sustainability and the Bottom Line. Available online: https://marketscale.com/industries/software-and-technology/professor-callie-babbitt-on-the-intersection-between-sustainability-and-the-bottom-line/ (accessed on 18 August 2023).
- Rochester Institute of Technology. How Can Forecasting Changes in Electronic Waste Inform Circular-Economy Planning? Available online: https://www.rit.edu/spotlights/how-can-forecasting-changes-electronic-waste-inform-circular-economy-planning (accessed on 10 January 2023).
- Harvard University Dr Mark Esposito. Available online: https://scholar.harvard.edu/markesposito/home (accessed on 29 August 2023).
- National Science Foundation. Collaborative Research: Convergence Around the Circular Economy. Available online: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1934824&HistoricalAwards=false (accessed on 10 January 2023).
- Yale University. About the Center. Available online: https://cie.research.yale.edu/about-center (accessed on 10 January 2023).
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Circular Economy and Data Analytics Engineering Research for Sustainability. Available online: https://wp.wpi.edu/cedar/ (accessed on 10 January 2023).
- Pouikli, K. Concretising the Role of Extended Producer Responsibility in European Union Waste Law and Policy through the Lens of the Circular Economy. ERA Forum 2020, 20, 491–508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- United Kingdom Who We Are. Available online: https://www.ukri.org/about-us/who-we-are/ (accessed on 5 January 2023).
- Freire-González, J.; Martinez-Sanchez, V.; Puig-Ventosa, I. Tools for a Circular Economy: Assessing Waste Taxation in a CGE Multi-Pollutant Framework. Waste Manag. 2022, 139, 50–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shang, Y.; Song, M.; Zhao, X. The Development of China’s Circular Economy: From the Perspective of Environmental Regulation. Waste Manag. 2022, 149, 186–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharma, M.; Joshi, S.; Govindan, K. Issues and Solutions of Electronic Waste Urban Mining for Circular Economy Transition: An Indian Context. J. Environ. Manag. 2021, 290, 112373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rebehy, P.C.P.W.; Salgado Junior, A.P.; Ometto, A.R.; de Freitas Espinoza, D.; Rossi, E.; Novi, J.C. Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) in Brazil: Drivers and Best Practices towards to Circular Economy Based on European Union and BSI. J. Clean. Prod. 2023, 401, 136591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Völker, T.; Kovacic, Z.; Strand, R. Indicator Development as a Site of Collective Imagination? The Case of European Commission Policies on the Circular Economy. Cult. Organ. 2020, 26, 103–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mishra, J.L.; Chiwenga, K.D.; Ali, K. Collaboration as an Enabler for Circular Economy: A Case Study of a Developing Country. Manag. Decis. 2021, 59, 1784–1800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giovanini, A. Economia Compartilhada e Governança Pública. Rev. De Adm. Pública 2020, 54, 1207–1238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fadeeva, Z.; Van Berkel, R. ‘Unlocking Circular Economy for Prevention of Marine Plastic Pollution: An Exploration of G20 Policy and Initiatives. J. Environ. Manag. 2021, 277, 111457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mutezo, G.; Mulopo, J. A Review of Africa’s Transition from Fossil Fuels to Renewable Energy Using Circular Economy Principles. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2021, 137, 110609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yildizbasi, A. Blockchain and Renewable Energy: Integration Challenges in Circular Economy Era. Renew. Energy 2021, 176, 183–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Austin. Shop Circular Show Case. Available online: https://www.austintexas.gov/circularshowcase (accessed on 12 December 2022).
- Tseng, M.-L.; Chiu, A.S.F.; Liu, G.; Jantaralolica, T. Circular Economy Enables Sustainable Consumption and Production in Multi-Level Supply Chain System. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2020, 154, 104601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, T.; Balzer, A.H.; Herbert, K.M.; Epps, T.H.; Korley, L.T.J. Circularity in Polymers: Addressing Performance and Sustainability Challenges Using Dynamic Covalent Chemistries. Chem. Sci. 2023, 14, 5243–5265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mesa, J.A. Design for Circularity and Durability: An Integrated Approach from DFX Guidelines. Res. Eng. Des. 2023, 34, 443–460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tedesco, S.; Montacchini, E.; Andreotti, J. Experiencing Circular Design: Stories of Agri-Food Waste Transformed into New Materials for Architecture. Acta. Polytech. CTU Proc. 2022, 38, 216–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tian, H.; Yan, M.; Zhou, J.; Wu, Q.; Tiong, Y.W.; Lam, H.T.; Zhang, J.; Tong, Y.W. A Closed Loop Case Study of Decentralized Food Waste Management: System Performance and Life Cycle Carbon Emission Assessment. Sci. Total Environ. 2023, 899, 165783. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fletcher, C.A.; St. Clair, R.; Sharmina, M. A Framework for Assessing the Circularity and Technological Maturity of Plastic Waste Management Strategies in Hospitals. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 306, 127169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghafourian, M.; Stanchev, P.; Mousavi, A.; Katsou, E. Economic Assessment of Nature-Based Solutions as Enablers of Circularity in Water Systems. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 792, 148267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fathollahi-Fard, A.M.; Ahmadi, A.; Al-e-Hashem, S.M.J.M. Sustainable Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network for an Integrated Water Supply and Wastewater Collection System under Uncertainty. J. Environ. Manag. 2020, 275, 111277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Billiet, S.; Trenor, S.R. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Needs for Plastics Packaging Circularity. ACS Macro Lett. 2020, 9, 1376–1390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chai, J.; Qian, Z.; Wang, F.; Zhu, J. Process Innovation for Green Product in a Closed Loop Supply Chain with Remanufacturing. Ann. Oper. Res. 2024, 333, 533–557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Çetin, S.; Raghu, D.; Honic, M.; Straub, A.; Gruis, V. Data Requirements and Availabilities for Material Passports: A Digitally Enabled Framework for Improving the Circularity of Existing Buildings. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 2023, 40, 422–437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jain, V.; O’Brien, W.; Gloria, T.P. Improved Solutions for Shared Value Creation and Maximization from Used Clothes: Streamlined Structure of Clothing Consumption System and a Framework of Closed Loop Hybrid Business Model. Clean. Responsible Consum. 2021, 3, 100039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keßler, L.; Matlin, S.A.; Kümmerer, K. The Contribution of Material Circularity to Sustainability—Recycling and Reuse of Textiles. Curr. Opin. Green Sustain. Chem. 2021, 32, 100535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fuchs, M. Green Skills for Sustainability Transitions. Geogr. Compass 2024, 18, e70003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Papacharalampopoulos, A.; Korfiati, A.; Stavropoulos, P. Discussing Key Aspects of Industry 5.0 in Teaching Factories: Manufacturing Processes Level. In Learning Factories of the Future; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2024; pp. 337–345. [Google Scholar]
- Sern, L.C.; Zaime, A.F.; Foong, L.M. Green Skills for Green Industry: A Review of Literature. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2018, 1019, 012030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kazancoglu, Y.; Ekinci, E.; Mangla, S.K.; Sezer, M.D.; Kayikci, Y. Performance Evaluation of Reverse Logistics in Food Supply Chains in a Circular Economy Using System Dynamics. Bus. Strategy Environ. 2021, 30, 71–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sulich, A. Model of Relationship Between Circular Economy and Industry 5.0. In Artificial Intelligence for Knowledge Management, Energy and Sustainability; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2024; pp. 220–236. [Google Scholar]
- Voulgaridis, K.; Lagkas, T.; Sarigiannidis, P. Towards Industry 5.0 and Digital Circular Economy: Current Research and Application Trends. In Proceedings of the 2022 18th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS), Los Angeles, CA, USA, 30 May–1 June 2022; pp. 153–158. [Google Scholar]
- Hsu, C.-H.; Li, Z.-H.; Zhuo, H.-J.; Zhang, T.-Y. Enabling Industry 5.0-Driven Circular Economy Transformation: A Strategic Roadmap. Sustainability 2024, 16, 9954. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiang, Z.; Xu, M. Dynamic Game Strategies of a Two-Stage Remanufacturing Closed-Loop Supply Chain Considering Big Data Marketing, Technological Innovation and Overconfidence. Comput. Ind. Eng. 2020, 145, 106538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alcalde-Calonge, A.; Ruiz-Palomino, P.; Sáez-Martínez, F.J. The Circularity of the Business Model and the Performance of Bioeconomy Firms: An Interactionist Business-Environment Model. Cogent Bus. Manag. 2022, 9, 2140745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krmela, A.; Šimberová, I.; Babiča, V. Dynamics of Business Models in Industry-Wide Collaborative Networks for Circularity. J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex. 2022, 8, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bressanelli, G.; Perona, M.; Saccani, N. Challenges in Supply Chain Redesign for the Circular Economy: A Literature Review and a Multiple Case Study. Int. J. Prod. Res. 2019, 57, 7395–7422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abad-Segura, E.; Fuente, A.B.D.L.; González-Zamar, M.-D.; Belmonte-Ureña, L.J. Effects of Circular Economy Policies on the Environment and Sustainable Growth: Worldwide Research. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chojnacka, K.; Moustakas, K.; Witek-Krowiak, A. Bio-Based Fertilizers: A Practical Approach towards Circular Economy. Bioresour. Technol. 2020, 295, 122223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Luttenberger, L.R. Waste Management Challenges in Transition to Circular Economy—Case of Croatia. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 256, 120495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cui, T.; Zhang, Y. Research on the Impact of Circular Economy on Total Factor Carbon Productivity in China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2022, 29, 78780–78794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Leclerc, S.H.; Badami, M.G. Informal E-Waste Flows in Montréal: Implications for Extended Producer Responsibility and Circularity. Environ. Manag. 2023, 72, 1032–1049. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stavropoulos, P.; Papacharalampopoulos, A.; Athanasopoulou, L.; Kampouris, K.; Lagios, P. Designing a Digitalized Cell for Remanufacturing of Automotive Frames. Procedia CIRP 2022, 109, 513–519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singhal, D.; Tripathy, S.; Jena, S.K. Remanufacturing for the Circular Economy: Study and Evaluation of Critical Factors. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2020, 156, 104681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Panagiotopoulou, V.C.; Papacharalampopoulos, A.; Stavropoulos, P. Developing a Manufacturing Process Level Framework for Green Strategies KPIs Handling. In Manufacturing Driving Circular Economy; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2023; pp. 1008–1015. [Google Scholar]
- Pinyol Alberich, J.; Pansera, M.; Hartley, S. Understanding the EU’s Circular Economy Policies through Futures of Circularity. J. Clean. Prod. 2023, 385, 135723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, G.; Wu, H.; Sethi, S.P.; Zhang, X. Contracting Green Product Supply Chains Considering Marketing Efforts in the Circular Economy Era. Int. J. Prod. Econ. 2021, 234, 108041. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hagelüken, C.; Goldmann, D. Recycling and Circular Economy—Towards a Closed Loop for Metals in Emerging Clean Technologies. Miner. Econ. 2022, 35, 539–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mulargia, F.; Visconti, G.; Geller, R.J. Scientific Principles and Public Policy. Earth Sci. Rev. 2018, 176, 214–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zborel, T.; Holland, B.; Thomas, G.; Baker, L.; Calhoun, K.; Ramaswami, A. Translating Research to Policy for Sustainable Cities. J. Ind. Ecol. 2012, 16, 786–788. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hossain, M.; Leminen, S.; Westerlund, M. A Systematic Review of Living Lab Literature. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 213, 976–988. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paskaleva, K.; Cooper, I. Are Living Labs Effective? Exploring the Evidence. Technovation 2021, 106, 102311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Corona, B.; Shen, L.; Reike, D.; Rosales Carreón, J.; Worrell, E. Towards Sustainable Development through the Circular Economy—A Review and Critical Assessment on Current Circularity Metrics. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2019, 151, 104498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iacovidou, E.; Velis, C.A.; Purnell, P.; Zwirner, O.; Brown, A.; Hahladakis, J.; Millward-Hopkins, J.; Williams, P.T. Metrics for Optimising the Multi-Dimensional Value of Resources Recovered from Waste in a Circular Economy: A Critical Review. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 166, 910–938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Milat, A.; Newson, R.; King, L.; Rissel, C.; Wolfenden, L.; Bauman, A.; Redman, S.; Giffin, M. A Guide to Scaling up Population Health Interventions. Public Health Res. Pract. 2016, 26, e2611604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mhatre, P.; Panchal, R.; Singh, A.; Bibyan, S. A Systematic Literature Review on the Circular Economy Initiatives in the European Union. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 2021, 26, 187–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lewandowska, A.; Cherniaiev, H. R&D Cooperation and Investments Concerning Sustainable Business Innovation: Empirical Evidence from Polish SMEs. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sterev, N. Industry 5.0, Digitalization of Business and Circular Economy. SHS Web Conf. 2023, 176, 02002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salvador, R.; Barros, M.V.; da Luz, L.M.; Piekarski, C.M.; de Francisco, A.C. Circular Business Models: Current Aspects That Influence Implementation and Unaddressed Subjects. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 250, 119555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Concepts | Definition | Objectives |
---|---|---|
3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) | The 3Rs are fundamental principles for minimizing waste and managing resources efficiently, promoting sustainability and the CE [37,47]. | Minimize the consumption of materials and energy in production processes; promote conscious consumption through the reuse of goods; and reprocess materials to maximize the use of what would otherwise be discarded [27,34,47]. |
Industrial Ecology | Industrial ecology applies principles inspired by natural ecosystems to industrial environments [56]. | Enhance the efficiency of industrial processes by minimizing waste generation and striving for the high-quality standards observed in nature, replicating the biological interactions of natural ecosystems within industrial systems [57,58]. |
Eco-Design | Developing products that maximize material reprocessing and reuse, minimizing environmental impact throughout their life cycle [59]. | Develop products that prioritize ecological considerations throughout their entire life cycle, including post-disposal, while preserving quality and value for as long as possible and minimizing raw material consumption [59,60,61]. |
Cradle-to-Cradle | Implement reusable materials in production, ensuring that discarded products can be reintegrated as inputs in new manufacturing cycles, creating a closed-loop system [62]. | Encourage manufacturers to take responsibility for collecting and processing waste generated after product use and disposal, ensuring its reintegration into the production cycle [56,63]. |
Sharing Economy | Leverage digital platforms to enable the collaborative sharing of goods and services, optimizing resource use and reducing waste [64]. | Facilitate the cooperative acquisition of goods and services to reduce purchasing and maintenance costs while promoting lower resource consumption [51,65]. |
Zero Waste | Eliminate waste generation by optimizing resource use and designing systems that prevent waste at every stage, minimizing environmental impact [27]. | Optimize resource consumption (materials, energy, and water) while reducing waste sent to the environment. In production systems, lean manufacturing practices support the achievement of zero waste by improving efficiency and reducing waste generation [66]. |
TH and Object of Analysis | Topic | Identified Strategies and Actions | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Government | Law—Circular Economy Package policy statement | Creation of the “Resources and Waste Strategy (RWS)” to develop legislation and set goals, with public participation, aimed at reducing waste and inefficiencies. Its objectives include eliminating avoidable plastic use, such as bags, straws, and disposable cutlery; strengthening inspections of final waste disposal; and increasing taxation on companies that do not use recycled plastic. | [54] | |
Development of the “Beyond Recycling” strategy to consolidate CE in Wales, targeting zero waste and a reduced carbon footprint. The government supports the green economy in public and private institutions, phases out plastic materials, reduces food waste, and promotes the adoption of low-emission vehicles. | [93] | |||
Development of the “Delivering Resource Efficiency” strategy to improve waste management in Northern Ireland, increasing efficiency and reducing carbon emissions. Its objectives include strengthening regulation, improving inspections, and optimizing funding allocation for waste management. | [94] | |||
Creation of the “Making Things Last” strategy to reduce natural resource demand by promoting reuse, recycling, and recovery activities in public organizations, private companies, and universities in Scotland. The government has fostered cross-sector partnerships and implemented measures to increase manufacturers’ accountability for product disposal. | [95] | |||
Organizations | Patents | Recycling Method and Taggant for a Recyclable Product | Identification of recyclable product manufacturers through code scanning on packaging to accelerate recycling and ensure proper final disposal. | [96] |
Polyferric sulphate solution | Development of a water filtration and treatment machine that uses oxidation without generating sludge or sediment in reservoirs. This technology enhances the efficiency of treatment plant processes, making them more cost-effective while reducing the discharge of chemicals. | [97] | ||
Plastic recycling process | Development of a process for extracting color pigments from plastic waste by shearing its surface to produce colorless plastic for recycling. This procedure involves a solvent reactor that deforms the outer layer of the waste, effectively removing the dye from the plastic material. | [98] | ||
Startups | Gomi | Design and manufacture of products using repaired or recycled materials, ranging from low-value items like plastic bags to more advanced technologies like non-functioning e-bike batteries. | [99] | |
Young Planet | Development of an application to encourage the donation of children’s products, such as clothes, toys, and accessories, to increase reuse and reduce the demand for natural resources in the production of new items. | [100] | ||
Full Circle Cambridge | Commercialization of “eco-friendly food and products” that reduce plastic packaging and contribute to zero waste, minimizing environmental impacts. The company offers vegan products in bulk, encouraging customers to bring their containers for purchases. | [101] | ||
GRIs | Atlantica Sustainable Infraestructure | Implementation of waste-reduction techniques, including leak detection, employee training to minimize waste, and constructing bioremediation areas for contaminated soil. The company also significantly reduced hazardous waste generation by improving material management, recycling, and implementing ISO 14001 standards. | [102] | |
Unilever | Use of reusable, recyclable, or compostable materials in product packaging. The company reduced virgin plastic use by half and increased the use of recycled plastic as raw material. Major Nigerian cities have established collection points for plastic waste to encourage proper disposal. | [103] | ||
BT Group | Establishing partnerships for reusing and recycling electronic equipment and cables discarded by customers and recovering gold from damaged electronic boards. | [104] | ||
Academia | Articles | Development of a “Toolbox” for implementing SDGs through CE practices, highlighting significant impacts on Goals 6, 7, 8, 12, and 15. | [37] | |
Development of a circular business model integrating web technologies, reverse logistics, and additive manufacturing to support CE practices. This approach reduces resource consumption and environmental impacts while promoting local business networks and job creation. | [105] | |||
Global economic restructuring study advocates replacing the current linear model with the CE for greater resilience and sustainability, especially post-COVID-19 recovery. Provides sector-specific recommendations to balance profit with minimal environmental impact. | [106] | |||
Authors | Fiona Charnley | Acceleration of CE practices in manufacturing through the “Circular 4.0” project, which leverages digital technologies and data analysis to optimize resource use. The project also includes educational programs to train future leaders in sustainable strategies. | [107] | |
José Arturo Garza-Reyes | Supply chain innovation via funded research integrating academic and industrial expertise to optimize business operations, applying Industry 4.0 technologies and CE practices to enhance sustainability and efficiency. | [108] | ||
Anil Kumar | Integration of Industry 4.0 and the CE in supply chains, combining interdisciplinary research to enhance operations and logistics sustainability. This approach creates efficient systems and establishes benchmarks for sustainable operations. | [109] | ||
Funding Sponsors | UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) | Creation of the Smart Sustainable Plastic Packaging (SSPP) challenge to fund research and innovation projects through university–industry partnerships. The initiative aims to reduce plastic waste, enhance recycling capacity in the UK, and decrease plastic packaging use across the supply chain. | [110] | |
UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) | Establishment of research centers at selected universities to support CE projects in textile, chemical, metallurgical, and construction industries, focusing on reusing and recovering products after use and reducing resource consumption. | [111] | ||
Innovate UK | Creation of the “Circular Economy for SMEs—Innovating with the National Interdisciplinary Circular Economy Research (NICER) program”, aimed at promoting the development of CE projects in SMEs. To participate, SME owners must collaborate with one of the NICER centers in the UK to develop research projects focused on transitioning to a CE in their companies. | [112] | ||
Universities | University of Manchester (UM) | Development of a circular business model for electronic equipment companies, strategically connecting producers and consumers to enhance sustainability. | [113] | |
University of the West of England (UWE) | Development of the Circular Economy Plan by students and faculty to promote sustainable and circular consumption within the university. The plan helps reduce carbon emissions, minimize non-essential plastic consumption, and strengthen partnerships between UWE, public organizations, companies, and other educational and research institutions. | [114] | ||
University of Cambridge (UC) | Creation of the Circular Economy Center to establish a network of organizations and academic partners, promoting research projects and scientific events. The Center provides guidance to government agencies, companies, and professionals transitioning from a linear to a circular model, offering training and mentoring. | [115] |
TH and Object of Analysis | Topic | Identified Strategies and Actions | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Government | Regulation of the Circular Economy Promotion Law (LPEC) | Promoting digital solutions in emerging circular business opportunities by integrating the product design phase with innovative business models to enhance value chains. | [116] | |
Regulation of the shared economy to enhance resource efficiency and expand job opportunities. | [117] | |||
Enactment of laws prohibiting the import of solid waste, such as plastic and paper, to minimize domestic waste generation. | [118] | |||
Organizations | Patents | China Petroleum | Development of a method to produce a material resistant to aging while remaining recyclable at the end of its useful life. This approach prevents secondary pollution by reintegrating the material into the production cycle, supporting the advancement of the CE. | [119] |
Nchian Holdings | Implementation of systems in food companies to provide customers with transparent information on the temperature and storage conditions of products from production to shelf, reducing the risk of quality deterioration. | [120] | ||
Anhui Heiji | Development of technology to reduce paper fiber loss. This innovation aims to minimize the loss of fine fibers in the paper manufacturing process by increasing their surface roughness, thereby improving the physical and chemical properties of the fibers. | [121] | ||
Startups | Huadu Worldwide Transmission | Offering discounts to customers who exchange old auto parts for new ones at the time of purchase, thereby promoting the reuse of products and raw materials. | [122] | |
GemChina | Development and implementation of technologies enabling the complete recycling of batteries, recovering valuable components from discarded units. | [123] | ||
YCloset | Development of clothing rental services to reduce impulsive purchases by allowing customers to experience rented clothing. This service supports the transition from a LE to a CE, increasing the reuse of clothing and accessories. | [27,124] | ||
GRIs | Lenovo | Creation of strategies to maximize the use of recycled plastics throughout the production process. | [125] | |
BYD | Adoption of goals for energy savings and emissions reduction, development of green and environmentally friendly products, and fostering employee awareness of sustainable development. | [126] | ||
Academia | Articles | Proposition of a rigorous scientific framework for the CE concept. This paper aims to fill the academic and conceptual gaps surrounding the CE by identifying six critical challenges related to thermodynamics and system boundaries that must be addressed for the CE to contribute to global sustainability effectively. The study serves as a roadmap for researchers and policymakers seeking to enhance the real-world impact of the CE on sustainability. | [60,63] | |
A 10R typology is proposed to unify various approaches to value retention in CE products and materials. The paper examines the historical development of the CE, arguing that, despite controversies and confusion, significant levels of circularity have already been achieved globally in areas such as recycling and energy recovery. The study concludes that the focus should shift toward realizing shorter value-retention options, such as remanufacturing and refurbishment, to optimize the systemic benefits of the CE. | [71] | |||
Development of two robust tools for implementing the CE: a database of CE strategies and implementation case studies. These tools compile 45 CE strategies applicable to different stages of the value chain and more than 100 case studies, categorized by scope and level of implementation. | [56] | |||
Authors | Sergio Ugliati | Studies on the CE have been developed, focusing on sustainability and environmental economics, particularly emphasizing energy. His research integrates multiple disciplines, including life cycle assessment and sustainable development. His most recent work, conducted between 2017 and 2021, has concentrated on ecology, sustainability, and agriculture. | [127] | |
Yong Geng | Creation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and acting as a consultant for UN organizations and Chinese local governments. | [128] | ||
Syed Abdul Rehman Khan | Development of innovation projects focused on supply chain management, awarded twice consecutively by the Education Department of the Shaanxi Provincial Government, China; Dr. Syed Abdul Rehman Khan is an authority on Supply Chain Management and Logistics. He gives lectures as a guest lecturer on various topics that encompass the CE. | [129] | ||
Funding Sponsors | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC) | Funding for projects that develop interdisciplinary platforms on bio-based materials implemented in economic sectors and evaluation of the performance of bio-composites and bamboo structures. | [130] | |
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (FRFCU) | Fostering research in the CE through funding that supports graduate students and PhD graduates. | [131] | ||
Universities | Beijing Normal University (BNU) | Creation of international forums on ecology and the environment aimed at establishing sustainable objectives in environmental safety and preventing and mitigating air pollution. | [132] | |
Tsinghua University (TU) | Establishing international partnerships to develop projects to reduce the carbon footprint (CF) and make the most polluting supply chains less environmentally harmful. | [133] | ||
Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) | Creation of research institutes to identify best practices, incubate innovative ideas, and train workers in CE practices. | [134] |
TH and Object of Analysis | Topic | Identified Strategies and Actions | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Government | Law 1 (federal): No Time To Waste: A Circular Economy Strategy for Wind Energy | The Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy is developing strategies to enable the CE to generate wind power electricity. To this end, processes for recovering, reusing, and recycling wind turbine blades are being created with the support of academia and industry. The glass fibers found in wind turbine blades can be recovered and repurposed in the automotive, marine, and aerospace industries. | [135] | |
Law 2 (municipal): Shop Zero Waste | City authorities have launched an initiative to encourage people to choose recycled, second-hand, or repaired products as gifts rather than new ones. As a result, an online platform has been made available to the public to help users find companies that sell these products or offer repair services. | [136] | ||
Law 3 (state): California Circular Economy and Plastic Pollution Reduction Act | A law requires plastic packaging producers, retailers, and wholesalers to implement waste management programs to increase the recycling rate. The legislation also allows companies to form associations to develop joint waste collection and recycling actions. | [137] | ||
Organizations | Patents | Circular economy for plastic waste to polyethylene via refinery crude unit | Development of a process that selects residual plastics and converts them into oil and/or wax using a pyrolysis reactor. This procedure ensures that polyethylene polymers achieve the same quality as virgin materials, unlike mechanical processing alone. | [138] |
Recycling of superabsorbent polymer via UV irradiation in flow system | Using UV radiation, a method has been created for degrading superabsorbent polymers present in hygiene products, such as feminine pads and diapers for babies and older people. In this way, the products are decomposed more economically, allowing them to be reinserted as raw material in production again. | [139] | ||
Method for preparing α-cellulose, spinning composition, and fiber material | Researchers developed a technique to treat coffee waste by decolorizing the grounds and transforming them into white powder. This process prevents the disposal of organic material in landfills and conserves natural resources for the paper industry. | [140] | ||
Startups | Recyclops | Selective collection systems have been developed in areas that do not have them through an application that allows truck drivers to be registered and paid for the collection and transportation of waste. This way, drivers receive collection routes and destinations to partner recycling centers. | [141] | |
Scrappy & Scraps | Recycling eggshells from restaurants and hotels so that these shells can be used as input in the production of dog food, making it more nutritious and functional for pets’ health. | [142] | ||
Goodr | The company provides food through reverse logistics, collecting surplus edible items from stores and delivering them to people facing food insecurity. It monitors surplus food points and plans distribution to those in need using digital technologies. | [143] | ||
GRIs | American Water | The provision of wastewater supply and treatment services will extend the average renewal cycle of water pipes to 135 years. | [144] | |
Mc Cormick | Develop more sustainable packaging for the organization’s products, fully replace plastic packaging, and recover the industrial waste generated. | [145] | ||
Cisco System | The “No Paint Project” aims to eliminate oil-based wet paints on plastic products, leading to cost savings, reduced CO₂ emissions, and the elimination of hazardous organic compounds. | [146] | ||
Academia | Articles | Proposal of a framework that integrates circular business models and supply chain management for sustainable development, focusing on closing, slowing, intensifying, narrowing, and dematerializing cycles. Each of these categories addresses different aspects of sustainability, from waste minimization to energy efficiency. | [40] | |
Development of a taxonomy of circular indicators (C-indicators) to assess, improve, and monitor CE performance. Based on a systematic review of the literature and 55 existing sets of indicators, this taxonomy is structured into 10 categories. The action aims to facilitate the selection of appropriate indicators for different levels and sectors, providing a practical tool for decision-makers in their transition to more sustainable practices. | [147] | |||
Integration of the CE and Big Data through a conceptual framework. This work introduces an integrative model that improves understanding of the CE–Big Data nexus. It also offers a relational matrix that clarifies the complexity of large-scale data management and stakeholders. Thus, it enables the development of a research agenda that directs studies with the integration of the CE and Big Data. | [148] | |||
Authors | Joseph Sarkis | Developing a strong research foundation in CE and supply chain management, widely cited and recognized in academia, Joseph Sarkis has contributed to advancing knowledge with over 500 publications and leads the Circular Economy Working Group at Future Earth Systems. His research offers key insights that support academics and practitioners in transitioning industrial systems to more sustainable models, shaping policy and practice on a global scale. | [149] | |
Callie W. Babbitt | Developing a predictive model for electronic waste management to analyze the life cycle of electronic products and their subsequent waste. This model helps companies and governments plan for CE objectives, such as green design, reuse markets, and material recovery technologies. | [150,151] | ||
Mark Esposito | Developing predictive models of the Fourth Industrial Revolution to support the creation of futuristic strategies that increase the efficiency and sustainability of industrial processes. | [152] | ||
Funding Sponsors | National Science Foundation | Creation of the project “Collaborative Research: Convergence around the CE” to award research scholarships focused on developing strategies to reduce consumption, replace materials, extend the life cycle of products, build a blockchain for tracking assets and materials, and create business models that increase the CE. | [153] | |
Universities | Rochester Institute of Technology | The development of the project “Prediction of electronic waste flows for effective planning of the CE” aimed to apply the theory of industrial ecology to electronic waste through modeling methods that identify patterns in the life cycle of such equipment. | [151] | |
Yale University | The university created the “Center for Industrial Ecology,” which develops research such as implementing industrial ecology in developing countries, reusing non-hazardous industrial waste, analyzing the environmental implications of emerging technologies, and creating dynamic frameworks for modeling systems that recycle fibers. | [154] | ||
Worcester Polytechnic Institute | Development of the “Circular Economy and Data Analytics Engineering Research for Sustainability” project to train postgraduate students in chemical and data sciences with a focus on sustainability. | [155] |
TH Sector | Recommendation | Sources |
---|---|---|
Government | Creation of legislation and environmental targets according to regional characteristics (R1) | [54,93] |
Structuring and improving inspection and adjustments in taxation (R2) | [156] | |
Establishment of public–private partnerships (R3) | [95] | |
Fostering innovation to develop sustainable circular business models (R4) | [95] | |
Encouraging the shared economy for resource optimization and job creation (R5) | [122,124] | |
Development and updating of legislation to improve solid waste management aligned with the CE (R6) | [94,137] | |
Stimulus for the use of renewable energy and conscious consumption (R7) | [135,136] | |
Organizations | Implementation of sustainable logistics for the valorization and redistribution of food and organic waste (R8) | [140,142,143] |
Integrate technological innovations and advanced chemistry practices from design to product manufacturing (R9) | [96,99,138,139] | |
Extend the lifespan of products by incorporating recyclable and aging-resistant materials into their composition (R10) | [122,124] | |
Implementation of technologies in organizations to improve water quality and reduce its costs, as well as effluents (R11) | [97,144] | |
Encouraging green innovation for packaging and products through the implementation of circular design and reusable, recyclable, or compostable materials (R12) | [101,103,145] | |
Implementation of digital solutions and real-time information collection to enhance supply chain efficiency (R13) | [120,141] | |
Promoting product reuse through digital platforms and business initiatives (R14) | [100,104] | |
Establishment of environmental goals and implementation of sustainable management practices aligned with international standards (R15) | [102,126,146] | |
Academia | Developing frameworks to integrate I4.0 technologies with the CE (R16) | [40,107,108,109,148,155] |
Develop strategies and advanced circular business models to overcome barriers in B2B companies and foster collaborative networks (R17) | [105,106,113,115,129,133,149,150,153] | |
Creation of CE metrics (R18) | [36,147] | |
Developing solutions to improve waste management (R19) | [111,150,151] | |
Integration of academic research with public policies for CE development (R20) | [114,128,130,132,149] | |
Development of methodologies to improve sectoral circularity implementation (R21) | [60,63,71,113,127] |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Espuny, M.; Reis, J.S.d.M.; Giupponi, E.C.B.; Rocha, A.B.T.; Costa, A.C.F.; Poltronieri, C.F.; Oliveira, O.J.d. The Role of the Triple Helix Model in Promoting the Circular Economy: Government-Led Integration Strategies and Practical Application. Recycling 2025, 10, 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling10020050
Espuny M, Reis JSdM, Giupponi ECB, Rocha ABT, Costa ACF, Poltronieri CF, Oliveira OJd. The Role of the Triple Helix Model in Promoting the Circular Economy: Government-Led Integration Strategies and Practical Application. Recycling. 2025; 10(2):50. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling10020050
Chicago/Turabian StyleEspuny, Maximilian, José Salvador da Mota Reis, Elen Cristina Bravos Giupponi, Aglaé Baptista Torres Rocha, Ana Carolina Ferreira Costa, Camila Fabricio Poltronieri, and Otávio José de Oliveira. 2025. "The Role of the Triple Helix Model in Promoting the Circular Economy: Government-Led Integration Strategies and Practical Application" Recycling 10, no. 2: 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling10020050
APA StyleEspuny, M., Reis, J. S. d. M., Giupponi, E. C. B., Rocha, A. B. T., Costa, A. C. F., Poltronieri, C. F., & Oliveira, O. J. d. (2025). The Role of the Triple Helix Model in Promoting the Circular Economy: Government-Led Integration Strategies and Practical Application. Recycling, 10(2), 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling10020050