Bio-Circular Perspective of Citrus Fruit Loss Caused by Pathogens: Occurrences, Active Ingredient Recovery and Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Citrus Pre-Harvest Losses
2.1. Gum Diseases of Citrus Trees Caused by Phytophthora spp. Infection
2.2. Citrus Greening Disease
2.3. Citrus Bacterial Disease
2.3.1. Citrus Canker Disease
2.3.2. Bacterial Blast Disease
Citrus Fruit Diseases | Disease Characteristics | Types of by-Products | Citations | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Citrus gumnosis | Pathogen: Phytophthora spp. Symptoms: Cankers and gum on citrus trunks and branches. The infection causes damage to fibrous roots in vulnerable rootstocks and crown rot, thereby causing fruit fall. | Roots, trunk, branches, shoots die off and fruit drop | [40,41,42] | |
Citrus greening | Pathogen: Candidatus Liberibacter Symptoms: Pathogens infiltrate the phloem and assault the vascular system, blocking water and nutrient transport. Yellow shoots and mottled leaves with yellow midribs may occur causing die-back. Infected fruits are lobbed, have aborted seeds, and prematurely drop off. | Fruit drop | [62,63] | |
Black rot | Pathogen: Alternaria spp. Symptoms: On fruits, symptoms range from light brown, depressed patches to dark brown circles. Young shoot apexes are defoliated in severely affected trees. Young infected fruits and leaves fall, and mature lesions-covered fruits are unmarketable. Alternaria spp. can cause black rot by causing latent infections on the calyx and disc, then entering the columella as the fruit grows. | Die shoots and fruit drops | [64,65,66] | |
Brown rot | Pathogen: Phytophthora citrophthora and Phytophthora nicotianae Symptom: light brown, leathery decay. This disease is associated with citrus gummosis or citrus foot rot. | Fruit drops | [67,68,69,70] | |
Anthracnose | Pathogen: Colletotrichum spp. Symptoms: The disease caused necrotic petals and fruit lesions during pre-harvesting. Infected twigs and lesions generally had black fructifications. During postharvest, the infected fruits had brown-to-black tear stains that turned silver-gray, 1.5 mm or bigger lesions. | Branch die-off, fruit drops during pre-harvesting stage and fruit loss during postharvesting | [71,72] | |
Green and blue mold | Pathogen: Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum Symptoms: during postharvest, the fruit peel is soft and decolored and soaky. During disease development, the fruit surface is covered with aerial white mycelium turns to olive with spore development. | Fruit loss | [73,74] | |
Sour rot | Pathogen: Geotrichum citri-aurantii Symptoms: Storage fruits in the humid condition cause the fungus growth with a light brown to yellow tint. The symptom appears extensive water-soaked lesions, and artroconidia and mycelia on the fruit surface. | Fruit loss | [75,76,77] |
3. Citrus Postharvest Disease
3.1. Black Rot Caused by Alternaria spp.
3.2. Brown Rot Caused by Phytophthora citrophthora
3.3. Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum spp.
3.4. Green and Blue Molds Caused, Respectively, by Penicillium digitatum Sacc. and P. italicum
3.5. Sour Rot Caused by Geotrichum citri-aurantii
4. High-Value Component Recovery
4.1. Citrus Essential Oils
4.2. Citrus Polysaccharides
5. Bio-Circular Approaches
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Khamsaw, P.; Sangta, J.; Chaiwan, P.; Rachtanapun, P.; Sirilun, S.; Sringarm, K.; Thanakkasaranee, S.; Sommano, S.R. Bio-Circular Perspective of Citrus Fruit Loss Caused by Pathogens: Occurrences, Active Ingredient Recovery and Applications. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 748. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080748
Khamsaw P, Sangta J, Chaiwan P, Rachtanapun P, Sirilun S, Sringarm K, Thanakkasaranee S, Sommano SR. Bio-Circular Perspective of Citrus Fruit Loss Caused by Pathogens: Occurrences, Active Ingredient Recovery and Applications. Horticulturae. 2022; 8(8):748. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080748
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhamsaw, Pattarapol, Jiraporn Sangta, Pirawan Chaiwan, Pornchai Rachtanapun, Sasithorn Sirilun, Korawan Sringarm, Sarinthip Thanakkasaranee, and Sarana Rose Sommano. 2022. "Bio-Circular Perspective of Citrus Fruit Loss Caused by Pathogens: Occurrences, Active Ingredient Recovery and Applications" Horticulturae 8, no. 8: 748. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080748