Identification of QTL for Plant Architecture and Flowering Performance Traits in a Multi-Environment Evaluation of a Petunia axillaris × P. exserta Recombinant Inbred Line Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and Growth Conditions
2.2. Data Analysis
2.3. Marker Development, Linkage Map Construction, and QTL Mapping
3. Results
3.1. Trait Analysis
3.2. QTL Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Trait Description (Units) | Trait Abbreviation | QTL Abbreviation |
---|---|---|
Floral coverage of plant canopy (%) | Flow | FP |
Plant vigor (1–9 scale) | Vigor | VIG |
Plant compactness (1–9 scale) | Comp | COM |
Plant height (cm) | Height | HGT |
Plant maximum width (cm) | MaxWid | MAX |
Plant minimum width (cm) | MinWid | MIN |
Flower color retention (1–9 scale) | ColorRet | CR |
RILs | Parents | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trait z | n y | Mean | Sd | Min | Max | PA | PE | t-Test |
Gilroy, CA (CA1) | ||||||||
Flow | 538 | 52.9 | 25.81 | 0 | 90 | 53.3 | 66.7 | xns |
Vigor | 539 | 4.9 | 1.44 | 1 | 9 | 6.3 | 4.3 | * |
Comp | 539 | 4.1 | 1.08 | 1 | 7 | 3.3 | 2.3 | ns |
Height | 539 | 42.9 | 9.86 | 13 | 69 | 41.3 | 42.0 | ns |
MaxWid | 539 | 105.9 | 27.39 | 11 | 213 | 163.7 | 80.1 | * |
MinWid | 446 | 87.6 | 25.68 | 10 | 163 | 121.3 | 71.3 | * |
ColorRet | 331 | 4.0 | 1.87 | 1 | 8 | wna | 7.7 | |
Buellton, CA (CA2) | ||||||||
Flow | 591 | 54.4 | 22.55 | 0 | 90 | 50.0 | 73.3 | ns |
Vigor | 595 | 4.3 | 1.22 | 1 | 8 | 5.7 | 4.0 | * |
Comp | 595 | 4.1 | 1.11 | 1 | 8 | 3.3 | 5.3 | * |
Height | 595 | 40.2 | 8.80 | 13 | 78 | 40.0 | 39.0 | ns |
MaxWid | 595 | 98.7 | 24.65 | 13 | 173 | 160.5 | 76.0 | * |
MinWid | 569 | 82.8 | 23.81 | 8 | 170 | 116.1 | 71.0 | * |
ColorRet | 440 | 4.88 | 1.92 | 1 | 9 | na | 8.0 | |
Huntersville, NC | ||||||||
Flow | 397 | 41.11 | 21.22 | 0 | 80 | 45.0 | 55.0 | ns |
Vigor | 397 | 5.92 | 2.21 | 1 | 9 | 8.0 | 7.0 | ns |
Comp | 397 | 1.46 | 0.83 | 1 | 5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | ns |
Height | 397 | 45.26 | 14.86 | 12 | 79 | 52.0 | 58.5 | ns |
MaxWid | 397 | 111.71 | 35.16 | 7 | 196 | 157.0 | 115.0 | * |
Bellefonte, PA | ||||||||
Flow | 584 | 45.99 | 20.74 | 0 | 80 | 30.0 | 40.0 | ns |
Vigor | 584 | 5.52 | 2.18 | 1 | 9 | 6.0 | 4.7 | ns |
Comp | 584 | 3.49 | 2.09 | 1 | 9 | 2.0 | 2.7 | ns |
Height | 584 | 46.42 | 15.42 | 3 | 79 | 54.7 | 44.0 | ns |
MaxWid | 584 | 116.11 | 34.02 | 8 | 176 | 130.3 | 98.3 | * |
ColorRet | 429 | 5.72 | 1.86 | 1 | 9 | na | 7.0 |
Trait z | Flow | Vigor | Comp | Height | MaxWid | MinWid |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All locations | ||||||
Vigor | 0.49 ** y | |||||
Comp | 0.12 ** | −0.32 ** | ||||
Height | 0.34 ** | 0.65 ** | −0.21 ** | |||
MaxWid | 0.42 ** | 0.73 ** | −0.32 ** | 0.62 ** | ||
MinWid | 0.42 ** | 0.76 ** | 0.18 ** | 0.45 ** | 0.82 ** | |
ColorRet | −0.19 ** | 0.07 * | −0.16 ** | 0.14 ** | −0.03 | −0.17 ** |
Gilroy, CA (CA1) | ||||||
Vigor | 0.61 ** | |||||
Comp | 0.50 ** | 0.42 ** | ||||
Height | 0.40 ** | 0.55 ** | 0.52 ** | |||
MaxWid | 0.44 ** | 0.76 ** | 0.26 ** | 0.52 ** | ||
MinWid | 0.47 ** | 0.77 ** | 0.29 ** | 0.49 ** | 0.83 ** | |
ColorRet | −0.14 ** | −0.11 | −0.07 | 0.03 | −0.15 * | −0.14 * |
Buellton, CA (CA2) | ||||||
Vigor | 0.43 ** | |||||
Comp | 0.34 ** | 0.23 ** | ||||
Height | 0.11 * | 0.45 ** | 0.26 ** | |||
MaxWid | 0.36 ** | 0.76 ** | 0.08 * | 0.43 ** | ||
MinWid | 0.38 ** | 0.74 ** | 0.10 * | 0.40 ** | 0.81 ** | |
ColorRet | −0.15 * | −0.17 ** | −0.01 | 0.12 * | −0.20 ** | −0.15 * |
Bellefonte, PA | ||||||
Vigor | 0.69 ** | |||||
Comp | −0.37 ** | −0.51 ** | ||||
Height | 0.55 ** | 0.76 ** | −0.47 ** | |||
MaxWid | 0.66 ** | 0.76 ** | −0.68 ** | 0.70 ** | ||
ColorRet | −0.09 | 0.11 * | 0.04 | 0.07 | −0.11 * | |
Huntersville, NC | ||||||
Vigor | 0.74 ** | |||||
Comp | −0.34 ** | −0.47 ** | ||||
Height | 0.50 ** | 0.59 ** | −0.44 ** | |||
MaxWid | 0.48 ** | 0.64 ** | −0.56 ** | 0.64 ** |
Trait z | H2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All locations | Buellton, CA | Gilroy, CA | Bellefonte, PA | Huntersville, NC | |
Flow | 0.75 | 0.65 | 0.49 | 0.97 | 0.86 |
Vigor | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.55 | 0.96 | 0.88 |
Comp | 0.74 | 0.60 | 0.45 | 0.93 | 0.90 |
Height | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.58 | 0.92 | 0.76 |
MaxWid | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.53 | 0.95 | 0.85 |
MinWid | 0.68 | 0.72 | 0.40 | ||
ColorRet | 0.79 | 0.71 | 0.67 | 0.99 |
Trait z | QTL | Chr | Nearest Marker | Loc. | Posit. (cm) | Interval (cm) y | LOD x | LOD Threshold w | A v | %VE u |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flow | qFP.1.1 | 1 | AE_bin_78_1 | CA1 | 8.81 | 6.8–9.1 | 2.76 | 2.66 | −4.47 | 6.07 |
Flow | qFP.1.2 | 1 | AE_bin_95_2 | CA2 | 13.31 | 13.3–15.3 | 7.36 | 2.44 | −6.65 | 14.20 |
Flow | AE_bin_95_2 | NC | 14.31 | 12.6–15.3 | 2.99 | 2.59 | −4.85 | 5.88 | ||
Flow | qFP.2.1 | 2 | AE_bin_58_12 | NC | 19.51 | 19.4–19.7 | 11.45 | 2.59 | −10.27 | 23.81 |
Flow | AE_bin_61_3 | PA | 19.61 | 19.4–19.7 | 8.56 | 2.63 | −10.97 | 18.95 | ||
Flow | qFP.2.2 | 2 | AE_bin_52_48 | CA2 | 20.21 | 19.9–21.2 | 2.94 | 2.44 | −4.22 | 5.21 |
Flow | qFP.2.3 | 2 | AE_bin_4_1 | NC | 27.71 | 25.7–28.8 | 5.17 | 2.59 | −10.77 | 17.56 |
Flow | qFP.3.1 | 3 | AE_bin_112_12 | NC | 31.41 | 27.9–33.8 | 2.84 | 2.59 | 5.07 | 4.92 |
Flow | qFP.4.1 | 4 | AE_bin_187_4 | PA | 4.21 | 0–6.2 | 4.31 | 2.63 | 6.28 | 8.91 |
Flow | AE_bin_187_4 | CA2 | 5.21 | 1.5–7.3 | 5.80 | 2.44 | 6.00 | 11.37 | ||
Flow | qFP.4.2 | 4 | AE_bin_195_4 | NC | 11.91 | 10.6–14.3 | 3.07 | 2.59 | 4.76 | 5.65 |
Flow | AE_bin_197_3 | CA2 | 14.31 | 12.8–14.5 | 4.81 | 2.44 | 5.35 | 9.02 | ||
Flow | qFP.4.3 | 4 | AE_bin_207_2 | CA1 | 25.01 | 24.1–25.4 | 3.04 | 2.66 | 5.10 | 6.77 |
Flow | qFP.6.1 | 6 | AE_bin_236_1 | CA2 | 10.11 | 8.1–13.2 | 3.04 | 2.44 | −4.39 | 5.53 |
Vigor | qVIG.2.1 | 2 | AE_bin_61_3 | PA | 19.61 | 19.4–19.7 | 12.56 | 2.74 | −1.09 | 22.34 |
Vigor | qVIG.2.2 | 2 | AE_bin_52_48 | NC | 20.01 | 19.9–20.5 | 17.41 | 2.65 | −1.22 | 30.72 |
Vigor | qVIG.2.3 | 2 | AE_bin_44_4 | PA | 21.61 | 21.1–21.8 | 12.82 | 2.74 | −1.10 | 22.61 |
Vigor | qVIG.2.4 | 2 | AE_bin_4_1 | PA | 28.71 | 26.4–30.5 | 5.17 | 2.74 | −1.15 | 15.47 |
Vigor | qVIG.3.1 | 3 | AE_bin_128_16_310_2 | CA1 | 48.51 | 48.1–48.9 | 2.59 | 2.54 | 0.22 | 4.19 |
Vigor | qVIG.4.1 | 4 | AE_bin_184_2 | NC | 0.01 | 0–1.0 | 8.68 | 2.65 | 0.79 | 13.85 |
Vigor | qVIG.4.2 | 4 | AE_bin_187_4 | CA2 | 4.21 | 2.6–6.6 | 11.28 | 2.65 | 0.55 | 26.01 |
Vigor | qVIG.4.3 | 4 | AE_bin_197_3 | CA2 | 14.31 | 12.2–14.4 | 11.79 | 2.65 | 0.56 | 27.08 |
Vigor | qVIG.4.4 | 4 | AE_bin_198_1 | CA1 | 17.21 | 15.2–18.3 | 6.27 | 2.54 | 0.44 | 14.05 |
Vigor | qVIG.4.5 | 4 | AE_bin_229_48 | CA1 | 26.61 | 26.4–26.9 | 10.86 | 2.54 | 0.51 | 19.71 |
Vigor | PA | 26.61 | 26.4–27.1 | 3.05 | 2.74 | 0.51 | 4.62 | |||
Vigor | qVIG.4.6 | 4 | AE_bin_201_1 | CA2 | 27.81 | 27.4–29.9 | 5.19 | 2.65 | 0.37 | 9.37 |
Vigor | qVIG.6.1 | 6 | AE_bin_239_2 | NC | 21.01 | 15.3–23.4 | 3.81 | 2.65 | −0.65 | 5.41 |
Vigor | qVIG.6.2 | 6 | AE_bin_252_5 | NC | 35.31 | 35.1–35.5 | 3.81 | 2.65 | 0.68 | 5.48 |
Vigor | qVIG.7.1 | 7 | AE_bin_320_2 | CA1 | 28.21 | 24.6–29.2 | 2.69 | 2.54 | 0.24 | 5.09 |
Comp | qCOMP.1.1 | 1 | AE_bin_74_1 | CA1 | 8.01 | 6.3–8.8 | 2.63 | 2.52 | −0.18 | 5.28 |
Comp | qCOMP.1.2 | 1 | AE_bin_91_6 | CA2 | 11.51 | 10.9–11.6 | 8.25 | 2.48 | −0.32 | 14.04 |
Comp | qCOMP.1.3 | 1 | AE_bin_95_2 | CA1 | 14.31 | 12.6–15.3 | 2.69 | 2.52 | −0.19 | 5.91 |
Comp | qCOMP.2.1 | 2 | AE_bin_6_1 | CA2 | 0.01 | 0–3.4 | 2.59 | 2.48 | −0.20 | 4.23 |
Comp | qCOMP.2.2 | 2 | AE_bin_16_7 | CA2 | 10.21 | 9.5–10.8 | 6.50 | 2.48 | −0.32 | 12.92 |
Comp | qCOMP.2.3 | 2 | AE_bin_31_10 | NC | 18.21 | 18.0–19.0 | 6.65 | 2.49 | 0.34 | 15.28 |
Comp | qCOMP.2.4 | 2 | AE_bin_55_14 | CA2 | 19.41 | 19.3–19.4 | 8.19 | 2.48 | 0.36 | 13.71 |
Comp | AE_bin_58_12 | PA | 19.51 | 19.3–19.6 | 7.42 | 2.68 | 0.81 | 14.84 | ||
Comp | qCOMP.2.5 | 2 | AE_bin_28_3 | NC | 24.31 | 23.9–26.7 | 7.31 | 2.49 | 0.36 | 16.67 |
Comp | AE_bin_4_1 | PA | 28.71 | 26.3–29.3 | 3.20 | 2.68 | 1.05 | 14.70 | ||
Comp | qCOMP.2.6 | 2 | AE_bin_3_202_229_1 | CA1 | 32.61 | 31.7–33.6 | 3.61 | 2.52 | −0.30 | 7.17 |
Comp | qCOMP.4.1 | 4 | AE_bin_206_4 | PA | 24.11 | 23.3–24.9 | 5.59 | 2.68 | −0.67 | 10.81 |
Comp | qCOMP.5.1 | 5 | AE_bin_290_8 | PA | 10.31 | 8.4–11.6 | 2.72 | 2.68 | −0.45 | 5.06 |
Comp | qCOMP.5.2 | 5 | AE_bin_295_2 | CA1 | 15.01 | 13.9–17.6 | 4.50 | 2.52 | 0.24 | 9.62 |
Comp | qCOMP.7.1 | 7 | AE_bin_315_1 | CA2 | 22.41 | 20.5–24.1 | 3.18 | 2.48 | −0.19 | 4.88 |
ColorRet | qCR.2.1 | 2 | AE_bin_15_11 | PA | 9.81 | 8.9–10.5 | 4.00 | 2.68 | −0.65 | 9.55 |
ColorRet | qCR.2.2 | 2 | AE_bin_50_8 | PA | 19.21 | 19.1–19.3 | 7.10 | 2.68 | −0.95 | 15.95 |
ColorRet | qCR.2.3 | 2 | AE_bin_4_1 | PA | 27.71 | 25.2–28.7 | 3.74 | 2.68 | −1.10 | 14.13 |
ColorRet | qCR.3.1 | 3 | AE_bin_165_1 | PA | 69.71 | 68.0–70.3 | 3.26 | 2.68 | −0.53 | 7.87 |
ColorRet | qCR.3.2 | 3 | AE_bin_163_1 | CA2 | 71.61 | 71.2–72.1 | 4.11 | 2.59 | −0.58 | 9.50 |
ColorRet | qCR.3.3 | 3 | AE_bin_180_16 | CA2 | 73.41 | 73.1–73.6 | 4.71 | 2.59 | −0.61 | 10.72 |
ColorRet | AE_bin_177_199_237_1 | CA1 | 73.51 | 73.3–73.7 | 6.20 | 2.66 | −0.72 | 14.87 | ||
ColorRet | qCR.6.1 | 6 | AE_bin_244_6 | PA | 25.61 | 23.4–26.6 | 4.59 | 2.68 | −0.66 | 9.90 |
ColorRet | qCR.6.2 | 6 | AE_bin_263_50_86_2 | PA | 32.01 | 30.6–32.3 | 3.94 | 2.68 | −0.59 | 8.30 |
ColorRet | qCR.7.1 | 7 | AE_bin_318_1 | PA | 20.21 | 20.1–22.1 | 4.34 | 2.68 | −0.57 | 9.58 |
ColorRet | AE_bin_316_1 | CA2 | 21.11 | 20.8–22.4 | 5.92 | 2.59 | −0.68 | 15.97 | ||
ColorRet | qCR.7.2 | 7 | AE_bin_324_45 | PA | 30.21 | 29.4–30.8 | 4.87 | 2.68 | −0.60 | 10.33 |
ColorRet | qCR.7.3 | 7 | AE_bin_329_7 | CA2 | 32.01 | 31.1–33.0 | 5.97 | 2.59 | −0.65 | 14.46 |
MaxWid | qMAX.1.1 | 1 | AE_bin_64_2 | CA1 | 0.01 | 0–1.2 | 3.83 | 2.58 | 5.46 | 6.82 |
MaxWid | qMAX.1.2 | 1 | AE_bin_82_5 | CA1 | 11.31 | 11.0–11.5 | 4.90 | 2.58 | 6.13 | 8.49 |
MaxWid | qMAX.2.1 | 2 | AE_bin_55_14 | NC | 19.41 | 19.3–19.4 | 17.23 | 2.54 | −20.75 | 36.88 |
MaxWid | AE_bin_58_12 | PA | 19.51 | 19.3–19.7 | 11.62 | 2.71 | −15.60 | 19.27 | ||
MaxWid | qMAX.2.2 | 2 | AE_bin_27_2 | NC | 24.11 | 23.4–24.3 | 13.88 | 2.54 | −20.03 | 31.34 |
MaxWid | qMAX.4.1 | 4 | AE_bin_185_1 | CA2 | 1.71 | 0.3–7.2 | 5.03 | 2.68 | 6.97 | 8.51 |
MaxWid | PA | 1.71 | 0.8–3.7 | 6.46 | 2.71 | 11.47 | 9.73 | |||
MaxWid | qMAX.4.2 | 4 | AE_bin_193_1 | CA2 | 11.11 | 10.9–11.2 | 10.16 | 2.68 | 10.17 | 22.27 |
MaxWid | qMAX.4.3 | 4 | AE_bin_231_1 | CA1 | 16.21 | 15.1–17.4 | 8.96 | 2.58 | 9.34 | 19.43 |
MaxWid | AE_bin_198_1 | CA2 | 17.21 | 15.9–21 | 5.97 | 2.68 | 8.22 | 12.08 | ||
MaxWid | AE_bin_199_3 | PA | 18.71 | 17.9–21.2 | 4.46 | 2.71 | 9.29 | 6.52 | ||
MaxWid | qMAX.4.4 | 4 | AE_bin_207_2 | CA1 | 25.01 | 24.6–25.6 | 10.47 | 2.58 | 9.45 | 19.44 |
MaxWid | qMAX.4.5 | 4 | AE_bin_210_117_218_4_2_1 | CA2 | 26.01 | 25.9–26.1 | 5.51 | 2.68 | 7.28 | 9.68 |
MaxWid | qMAX.4.6 | 4 | AE_bin_229_48 | CA1 | 26.61 | 26.4–26.9 | 10.94 | 2.58 | 9.56 | 20.08 |
MaxWid | AE_bin_226_1 | PA | 27.01 | 26.4–27.5 | 4.54 | 2.71 | 9.15 | 6.65 | ||
MinWid | qMIN.4.1 | 4 | AE_bin_187_4 | CA2 | 5.21 | 4.9–7.3 | 5.84 | 2.65 | 7.40 | 11.26 |
MinWid | qMIN.4.2 | 4 | AE_bin_231_1 | CA1 | 16.21 | 16.0–17.5 | 8.02 | 2.63 | 9.43 | 20.64 |
MinWid | qMIN.4.3 | 4 | AE_bin_200_2 | CA2 | 19.11 | 18.7–20.8 | 7.44 | 2.65 | 8.09 | 13.61 |
MinWid | qMIN.4.4 | 4 | AE_bin_207_2 | CA1 | 25.01 | 24.9–25.3 | 10.67 | 2.63 | 9.99 | 23.37 |
MinWid | qMIN.4.5 | 4 | AE_bin_229_48 | CA1 | 26.61 | 26.4–27.4 | 10.66 | 2.63 | 10.00 | 23.31 |
MinWid | qMIN.7.1 | 7 | AE_bin_218_4 | CA1 | 33.01 | 31.0–34.0 | 3.26 | 2.63 | 5.48 | 6.84 |
Height | qHGT.2.1 | 2 | AE_bin_7_5 | PA | 2.91 | 0–4.9 | 2.73 | 2.61 | −4.20 | 6.85 |
Height | qHGT.2.2 | 2 | AE_bin_17_3 | PA | 11.01 | 10.8–11.4 | 5.73 | 2.61 | −5.45 | 11.27 |
Height | qHGT.2.3 | 2 | AE_bin_30_1 | NC | 17.91 | 16.8–18.2 | 6.96 | 2.84 | −5.98 | 14.89 |
Height | qHGT.2.4 | 2 | AE_bin_50_8 | PA | 19.21 | 18.7–19.4 | 14.01 | 2.61 | −7.92 | 24.56 |
Height | AE_bin_61_3 | NC | 19.61 | 19.3–19.9 | 7.89 | 2.84 | −6.02 | 16.23 | ||
Height | qHGT.2.5 | 2 | AE_bin_49_8 | CA1 | 20.61 | 20.2–20.7 | 4.04 | 2.60 | −2.21 | 7.48 |
Height | qHGT.2.6 | 2 | AE_bin_44_4 | PA | 21.61 | 21.1–21.8 | 14.88 | 2.61 | −8.13 | 25.71 |
Height | AE_bin_43_2 | CA2 | 21.81 | 21.6–21.9 | 9.96 | 2.67 | −3.20 | 15.92 | ||
Height | qHGT.2.7 | 2 | AE_bin_27_2 | NC | 24.11 | 22.8–24.3 | 6.74 | 2.84 | −5.95 | 14.33 |
Height | qHGT.2.8 | 2 | AE_bin_4_1 | PA | 28.71 | 26.9–31.3 | 8.80 | 2.61 | −9.78 | 23.59 |
Height | qHGT.2.9 | 2 | AE_bin_3_202_229_2 | CA2 | 32.41 | 32.2–32.6 | 6.88 | 2.67 | −3.54 | 11.38 |
Height | qHGT.4.1 | 4 | AE_bin_187_4 | PA | 4.21 | 4.0–6.7 | 3.89 | 2.61 | 4.83 | 9.19 |
Height | qHGT.4.2 | 4 | AE_bin_206_4 | CA2 | 24.11 | 23.3–24.8 | 6.27 | 2.67 | 2.52 | 8.72 |
Height | qHGT.4.3 | 4 | AE_bin_229_48 | CA1 | 26.61 | 26.4–27.1 | 5.59 | 2.60 | 2.49 | 9.39 |
Height | qHGT.5.1 | 5 | AE_bin_288_1 | CA1 | 7.01 | 5.0–8.4 | 4.29 | 2.60 | 2.24 | 8.26 |
Height | qHGT.5.2 | 5 | AE_bin_299_1 | CA2 | 13.31 | 12.9–13.4 | 7.21 | 2.67 | 2.51 | 10.41 |
Height | qHGT.7.1 | 7 | AE_bin_314_2 | CA2 | 22.91 | 22.1–24.5 | 2.84 | 2.67 | −1.47 | 3.53 |
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Chen, Q.C.; Warner, R.M. Identification of QTL for Plant Architecture and Flowering Performance Traits in a Multi-Environment Evaluation of a Petunia axillaris × P. exserta Recombinant Inbred Line Population. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 1006. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111006
Chen QC, Warner RM. Identification of QTL for Plant Architecture and Flowering Performance Traits in a Multi-Environment Evaluation of a Petunia axillaris × P. exserta Recombinant Inbred Line Population. Horticulturae. 2022; 8(11):1006. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111006
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, QiuXia C., and Ryan M. Warner. 2022. "Identification of QTL for Plant Architecture and Flowering Performance Traits in a Multi-Environment Evaluation of a Petunia axillaris × P. exserta Recombinant Inbred Line Population" Horticulturae 8, no. 11: 1006. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111006
APA StyleChen, Q. C., & Warner, R. M. (2022). Identification of QTL for Plant Architecture and Flowering Performance Traits in a Multi-Environment Evaluation of a Petunia axillaris × P. exserta Recombinant Inbred Line Population. Horticulturae, 8(11), 1006. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111006