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Article

Efficacy of Different Concentrations of NAA on Selected Ornamental Woody Shrubs Cuttings

by
Endre Kentelky
1,*,
Denisa Jucan
2,*,
Maria Cantor
2 and
Zsolt Szekely-Varga
1
1
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Sighișoarei 1C, 540485 Târgu Mureș, Romania
2
Department of Horticulture and Landscaping, Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Horticulturae 2021, 7(11), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7110464
Submission received: 14 October 2021 / Revised: 29 October 2021 / Accepted: 1 November 2021 / Published: 4 November 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Ornamental Plant Production)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Ornamental woody shrubs are used in landscape design worldwide. Their propagation can be made generatively and vegetatively. Vegetative propagation methods are mostly used by nurseries, as such methods are quick and the newly propagated plants inherit the genetics of the mother plant. However, rooting in some woody plants is slow and, unfortunately, sometimes produces only a small number of rooted cuttings. In this study, shoot cuttings from six selected ornamental woody shrubs were subjected to different concentrations of rooting stimulators (0.5 (NAA5) and 0.8 (NAA8) % concentrations of 1-Naphthylacetic acid; cuttings without treatment were considered as control) and propagated in two different periods (spring and summer). Our results show that significant changes were obtained in the plants under the different treatments. Most of the plants showed a positive response to both treatments, expect for Cotinus coggygria ‘Royal Purple’, which, compared to control, registered decreases in all the tested parameters under NAA5 treatment. Ilex aquifolium was the species that showed increments in all the parameters when NAA treatments were applied. In conclusion, our research suggests that NAA increases rooting in ornamental woody shrubs, although in some cases rooting could be a species-dependent process.

1. Introduction

Interest in ornamental woody plants has been increasing in recent years and they are an important part of the horticulture industry. Ornamental shrubs are valued for their countless landscape uses and need to be part of our modern managed landscapes, for instance, as roadside trees in public parks which provide shade, shelter, clean pollutants in the air, and are a source of beauty [1,2].
With growing demand for ornamental shrubs, nurseries and horticulturists need new propagation methods in order to meet it. These types of plants can be propagated generatively and also vegetatively [3,4]. All woody plants are capable of producing flowers and seeds; however, they require favorable environmental conditions and take many years to develop [2]. Most of them are propagated by vegetative methods, by cuttings, because such methods are quicker and also because the plants will retain the characteristics and genetics of the mother plants [5,6].
The rooting of ornamental woody plants can sometimes be a hard and slow method, and does not have a high success rate. Propagation by cuttings is a vegetative method widely used for different plant species. Ornamental woody plant nurseries have developed different techniques to successfully improve the rooting of cuttings. However, in spite of controlled environmental conditions, high economic losses are still being sustained as a result of insufficient root formation [7,8]. In addition to environmental factors, the successful rooting of woody plant cuttings could be affected by different elements, such as nutritional levels of the mother plant, cutting type, rooting medium, and even by the manipulation and treatments applied [9].
Hormones could improve the percentage of radicals and also reduce propagation time [10]. Plant hormones are substances naturally produced by plants which control plant functions and development, such as root growth, fruit maturation, and plant growth [11,12]. Hormones are important and crucial elements which are required to control plant development through the life cycle, from embryogenesis to reproductive development [13,14,15].
Adventitious root formation is a physiological process enabling the propagation of cuttings of many plant species [7]. Previous reports suggested that adventitious root formation in woody plants could be associated with the action of endogenous auxin and can be triggered by the application of exogenous auxin, such as 1–Naphthylacetic acid (NAA) [16,17,18]. NAA is used to influence/induce and to ensure a greater rooting capacity of cuttings and the better establishment of many shrubs and trees [8,10,19]. NAA could even effectively improve the survival rate of cuttings or shorten the rooting period [20].
Syringa vulgaris L., commonly known as Lilac, is a deciduous shrub including more than 40 species distributed around Europe and Asia [21,22]. Ilex aquifolium, native to southern Europe, northwest Africa, and southwest Asia, commonly known as English holly, is a dioecious plant species with persistent leaves and female and male flowers on different plants [23,24]. Cotinus coggygria (Smoketree) is a woody shrub growing wildly in Europe and Asia [25,26].
The aim of the present study was to test the effect of NAA in two different concentrations on six ornamental woody shrubs often used in Romanian landscape design. Syringa vulgaris ‘Mme Lemoine’, Syringa vulgaris ‘President Grevy’, Ilex aquifolium, Cotinus coggygria, Cotinus coggygria ‘Kanari’, and Cotinus coggygria ‘Royal Purple’ were analyzed in the experiment. The influence of NAA on rooting percentage, root volume, number of roots, root length, and rooted cutting diameter were investigated. We aimed to determine the concentration most suitable for the vegetative propagation of woody ornamental plants.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Experimental Site and Plant Material

The study was conducted between May and October 2019 in the experimental greenhouse belonging to Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Târgu Mureș (46°31′17″ N 24°35′54″ E). The cuttings were obtained from a local nursery (Biota, Găiești village, Romania). The cuttings were immediately transported to the experimental sites to prevent desiccation. As plant material, the following ornamental woody shrubs were selected:
  • Syringa vulgaris ‘Mme Lemoine’ (SVM): double white flowers, light green heart-shaped leaves, grows up to 2.5–3 m and 3 m wide.
  • Syringa vulgaris ‘President Grevy’ (SVP): double lavender-blue flowers, light green heart-shaped leaves, grows up to 3–3.5 m and 2.5 m wide.
  • Ilex aquifolium (IA): cluster white flowers, produces red fruits, glossy green prickly leaves, grows up to 10–25 m and 2 m wide.
  • Cotinus coggygria (CC): smoky pink flowers, green or reddish-purple leaves, grows up to 3–5 m and 4 m wide.
  • Cotinus coggygria ‘Kanari’ (CCK): white flowers, green leaves, grows up to 2.5–4 m and 2.5–4 m wide.
  • Cotinus coggygria ‘Royal Purple’ (CCR): feathery pink flowers, wine purple leaves, grows up to 3–5 m and 4.5–6 m wide.

2.2. Experimental Design and Rooting Conditions

The first experiment started on 21 May (spring propagation), and in the summer on 7 July the experiment was repeated, with the same ornamental shrub species and rooting stimulants.
For each species and cultivar 10 sub-apical shoots (herbaceous spring and semi-hardwood summer cuttings) per replication, with three replications, were used—a total of 540 cuttings. Disease and pest-free propagation material was between 8–10 cm in length and was collected with a secateur from the nursery. The leaves on the lower one-third to one-half of the stems were removed. After treatments were applied, the cuttings were planted in 60 × 40 cm plastic trays, filled with perlite rooting medium. Planting distance was 2 cm between the cuttings. We had filled the plastic tray with perlite to a depth of 20 cm (granulation: 1–3 mm, density: 0.05 kg/L, and pH: 7–7.5) and this was well irrigated before planting the cuttings. No artificial lights were installed. Propagation trays were placed in the greenhouse with an automatic humidifier controller in order to provide the 80–90% humidity required for rooting. Humidity and temperature were measured using a Testo 175H1 (Testo Romania, Cluj-Napoca, Romania); the average temperature was between 22–28 °C.
From each species, 30 cuttings per treatment were immersed in Incit–5 (AMVAC Chemical UK Ltd., Surrey, UK) and Incit–8 (AMVAC Chemical UK Ltd., Surrey, UK) rooting hormones, approximately up to 1–1.5 cm. Incit-5 composition was 0.5% 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA5) and Incit-8 0.8% of 1–Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA8), both recommended as rooting stimulants for ornamental woody plants. Cuttings without treatment were considered as control.

2.3. Data Evaluation

Data for the rooted cuttings propagated in spring were reported on 13th September (116 days after preparing the cuttings) and for the summer rooted cuttings on 28th October (114 days after preparing the cuttings).
Rooting percentage (the percentage of cuttings that developed at least one root), root volume (cm3—a measuring cylinder was filled with water, the plant was submerged in it and under the pressure of the cutting water, filled out), number of roots, root length (cm) and rooted cutting diameter (cm) were determined. Root length was measured with a tape measure and cutting diameter with a digital caliper (GartenVIP DiyLine, Alba Iulia, Romania).

2.4. Statistical Analysis

The data were tested for normality of errors and homogeneity of variance. As all data were normally distributed, ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test was used to compare variances. The significance of the differences between the treatments was tested by applying two-way ANOVA, at a confidence level of 95%. When the ANOVA null hypothesis was rejected, Tukey’s post hoc test was carried out to establish the statistically significant differences at p < 0.05.

3. Results

3.1. Rooting Percentage of Cuttings

Concerning rooting percentage, hormone type influenced the process in different ways (Figure 1). However, it no significant differences were recorded between the spring and summer cuttings propagation. SVM (Figure 1a) reported small increases compared to control. In the case of SVP (Figure 1b), differences were determined when comparing the two treatments to control, although 0.5% 1-Naphthylacetic acid, compared with the other treatment (0.8% 1-Naphthylacetic acid), highly increased the rooting percentage, with 90% of summer cuttings rooting. Similar data were reported for the IA cuttings (Figure 1c), where at both propagation times the greatest percentage of rooting was observed in plants subjected to NAA5 treatment. Regarding Cotinus coggygria (CC), significant increases were reported for NAA8, almost double the rooting percentage compared to control (Figure 1d). In contrast, the data reported for NAA5 were similar to those for the untreated CC (Figure 1d). In the case of CCK (Figure 1e), significant increases were determined just with NAA8. Nevertheless, for Cotinus coggygria ‘Royal Purple’ (CCR), no significance was observed between the control and the NAA8 treated plants, yet rooting percentage decreased at the CCR subjected to 0.5% 1-Naphthylacetic acid treatment (Figure 1f).

3.2. Root Volume

Under our experimental conditions, no significant differences were observed in root volume when comparing the two propagation periods (Figure 2). The root volume of Syringa vulgaris ‘Mme Lemoine’ (Figure 2a) increased under the treatments. In the case of cuttings propagated in the spring, significant differences were observed with NAA5, and summer cuttings showed increased root volume with both treatments; however, the NAA5 recorded higher increases. Additionally, increased root volume was observed with SVP (Figure 2b) during the treatments, yet the largest increase was observed in the summer cuttings subjected to NAA5, where the volume of the roots was approximately 16 times higher than in the untreated plants’ root systems. Considering Ilex aquifolium (Figure 2c), it can be determined that treatments greatly increased root volume. IA spring cuttings under the 0.5% NAA treatment reported root volumes of 1.99 cm3 compared to control, in which case the root volume was just 0.1%. Significant differences were also observed in the treated plants (CC) compared to the controls (Figure 2d). Rooting hormone NAA8 greatly increased the root volume of CCK (Figure 2e). In the case of Cotinus coggygria ‘Royal Purple’ (CCR), the development of volume of the roots was inhibited by NAA5 treatment (Figure 2f), compared to control.

3.3. Number of Roots

As expected, the number of roots was significantly affected by hormone products. In the case of SVM (Figure 3a) treated with NAA5, root numbers were about four times higher than in the controls. Increments in number roots were also observed in SVP (Figure 3b). However, in the spring cuttings, only in plants treated with 0.5% 1-Naphthylacetic acid were increases reported. On the other hand, by the summer, both treatments influenced the number of roots in SVP plants in a positive way. Significant differences between treated and untreated IA plants were observed (Figure 3c) with NAA5 treatment, which increased root number at both spring and summer. Under our experimental conditions, increases in the number of roots of CC were observed with NAA8 treatment in both propagation periods, and also in the summer cycle with 0.5% 1-Naphthylacetic acid treatment (Figure 3d). Spring cuttings of CCK (Figure 3e) showed root number increases when subjected to NAA8 treatment, though no significant results were recorded for summer propagation. In the case of CCR (Figure 3f), it was concluded that NAA8 has no influence on the number of roots for spring or summer cuttings. Moreover, NAA5 had inhibited the development of roots compared to control. It is important to mention that no significant differences were determined between spring and summer propagations (Figure 3).

3.4. Root Length

From the results for the cuttings, no significant changes were observed in root length between the spring and summer periods of treatment (Figure 4). However, for SVM, increases were reported compared to control. The influence of NAA5 was greater than the other hormone type (Figure 4a). For SVP (Figure 4b), no effect was measured at the spring cutting under NNA8 treatment; by contrast, increases were reported for the spring cutting treated with NAA5. With the summer cuttings subjected to both rooting stimulants, significant results were observed. IA cuttings registered increases of root length under both treatments (Figure 4c). In the case of CC, high increments in relation to controls were reported in both propagation periods, with 0.8% 1-Naphthylacetic acid and with 0.5% 1-Naphthylacetic acid in the summer cuttings (Figure 4d). Cotinus coggygria ‘Kanari’ (Figure 4e) showed increases in spring and summer cuttings under the NAA8 treatment. NAA5 treatment had a significant negative influence on the root length of Cotinus coggygria ‘Royal Purple’. In contrast, no effect was observed in cuttings treated with NAA8 compared to control (Figure 4f).

3.5. Diameter of Cuttings

As expected, no differences were shown in the diameter of rooted cuttings when comparing spring and summer propagation (Figure 5), and no effect of rooting stimulants was reported for SVM (Figure 5a). On the contrary, SVP cutting diameters were highly influenced by NAA5 treatment in both propagation experiments (spring, 3.14 cm; summer, 3.82 cm), and increases were also observed in summer cuttings subjected to NAA8 (Figure 5b). Comparing the control Ilex aquifolium to the treated cuttings, it could be concluded that the diameter of spring and summer cuttings reported high increases with both treatments (Figure 5c). In the case of CC (Figure 5d), cutting diameters showed significant increases under the NAA8 treatment. No differences were observed in the CCK rooted cuttings diameter (Figure 5e). NAA8 increased the diameter of cuttings; on the other hand, NAA5 inhibited the thickness of the cuttings’ diameters for CCR (Figure 5f).

4. Discussion

Rooting stimulants can be used to increase the rooting capacity of different plants [27,28,29,30,31] and for obtaining the maximum number of rooted cuttings in a short period of time [32]. However, some studies concluded that rooting media is also an important factor which could affect rooting percentage in different ornamental cuttings [1,33,34]. Rooting hormones could positively influence the rooting process of woody plants, but in some cases, this depends on species or their natural rooting ability [35,36]. The rooting percentage of Parthenocissus quinquefolia was increased with the use of two different stimulants, although it was mentioned in the study that growing media combined with the different stimulants could also have a positive effect on the rooting percentage of cuttings [37]. Nevertheless, blue light combined with NAA treatments could significantly improve the rooting and leaf-bud of Chrysanthemum cuttings [38]. Thus, propagation period is critical for the rooting process. Our observations indicated that it has no effect on the rooting capacity of the selected ornamental woody shrubs. Though it has been concluded in some studies that the season could affect the rooting of the cuttings [39,40,41], this could also be a species-dependent factor.
From our results, it can be concluded that rooting percentage increased in the woody shrubs subjected to treatments; however, an inhibition was observed in the case of CCR treated with NAA, compared to control. Of course, it is important to mention that even if NAA5 and NAA8 boosted rooting percentage, not all plants behaved in the same way. Adventitious root formation is a critical phase for the survival and growth of the propagated cuttings [42], involving morphological, physiological, and biological changes [43,44]. The application of NAA improved the rapid recovery of the wounded surface and also affected the rapid appearance of adventitious roots, which guaranteed the cuttings’ survival rates. It was reported in a study that 0.3% of NAA concentration resulted in the highest rooting percentage of Jasminum parkeri [31]. It was also reported that just 0.01% NAA in combination with 0.01% GA3 can improve rooting percentage of Hydrangea [45]. NAA used in micropropagation improved in vitro root induction in Magnolia sirindhorniae [46]. Nevertheless, for Ficus benjamina L., it was reported that the highest rooting percentage was obtained with just 0.001% of NAA [47], which, compared to our concertation, is very low, yet still increased the rooting of the cuttings.
The data obtained show that rooting stimulants can clearly have a positive effect on the root volume of ornamental woody shrub cuttings. Under our experimental conditions, NAA5 greatly increased root volume in both Syringa vulgaris and Ilex aquifolium. On the other hand, NAA8 reported higher increases for CC, CCK, and CCR, but with Cotinus coggygria ‘Kanari’ and ‘Royal Purple’, root volume was inhibited. Previous studies have also reported increases in root volume under different stimulants [48,49]. In one study it was determined that a combination of IBA 1500 ppm + NAA 1000 ppm resulted in the highest root volume in Piper nigrum L. [50].
Application of rooting stimulants (1-Naphthyl and 2-Naphthhyl) slightly increase the number of roots of apple and mung bean [51]. In a study by Trofimuk et al. [52] it was reported that rooting stimulants influence in a positive way the number and length of roots of Abies gracilis, which is useful in accelerating the production of plant material, and reduces rooting time in woody ornamental plants. Previous research found that NAA could also boost the number of adventitious roots, even the growth and development of micropropagated plants [53,54,55]. Under our experimental conditions, root length increased under the NAA5 treatment in SVM, SVP, IA, and CC. However, with CCK and CCR, root length was similar or was even inhibited under the same treatment. Another study conducted reveled that indolebutyric acid increased the number of roots and root length of blueberry cuttings, but on the contrary, no effect was observed in rooting percentage and survival percentage of the cuttings [56]. Planting dates and NAA treatments could significantly improve root number and length [57], yet under our experimental conditions, it was determined that planting time did not influence root number or root length. Our data are similar to previous studies which have concluded that number and length of roots are positively affected by the application of NAA, at least at 0.5% concentrations [38,58,59,60,61].
From the data obtained in our experiment, it could be concluded that NAA influenced every woody shrub cutting diameter in a different way. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in SVM. NAA5 clearly affected cutting diameters in SVP in both propagation times. NAA8 summer cuttings also showed differences compared to control, but not as high as those treated with NAA5. Both concentrations of 1-Naphthylacetic acid greatly increased the diameters of IA rooted cuttings. In the case of Cotinus coggygria, significant increases were determined with NAA8. On the other hand, no significant difference was observed for CCK. Significant differences were observed in CRR cutting treated with NAA8; however, NAA5 inhibited the treated shrubs. In some studies, it was reported that diameter could have an effect on root number and on the length of cuttings [62,63]. This was clearly observed in our experiment—that where cutting diameter increased, root length and number increased with it. Similar data was recorded for Punica granatum L., where with increases in diameter, the length and number of roots increased under IBA + NAA treatment [64]. The rooting process depends on the cutting’s diameter and on the nutrients which sustain the biological processes involved in adventitious root formation [65,66,67]. Altogether, it can be concluded that rooting stimulants could have beneficial effects on the development, growth and survival percentage of the plants studied [68,69,70].

5. Conclusions

Ornamental woody plant nurseries strive to produce rooted cuttings in a short time and to ensure that they are of good quality. The present study provides new experimental data on the comparison of two rotting stimulants on six woody shrubs often used in landscape design. According to the results, it can be concluded that 1-Naphthylacetic acid used in different concentrations could have a positive effect on the rooting of the plants selected in this experiment. Results show that NAA8 treatment positively affected the root percentage of CC and CCK, and NAA5 influenced negatively root percentage in CCR in both propagation periods. However, root percentage in CC and CCK was not significantly influenced in either treatment period. On the other hand, significant (negative) changes were reported in CCR rooting percentage for cuttings under NAA8 treatment. These data show that rhizogenesis could be a species- or cultivar-dependent process. Regarding the number of roots, NAA5 showed better results for Syringa tested cultivars and for Ilex aquifolium, while NAA8 had a greater influence on the analyzed species and cultivars of Cotinus. Root length increased when SVM, SVP and IA cuttings were treated with NAA5, while NAA8 increased the length of the root systems in CC and CCK. On the basis of the results presented here, it could be stated that rooting hormones/stimulants strengthen the possibility of achieving a quicker vegetative propagation method, but future experiments need to be conducted.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, E.K. and Z.S.-V.; methodology, E.K. and M.C.; formal analysis, M.C. and Z.S.-V.; resources, E.K. and D.J.; writing—original draft preparation, Z.S.-V.; writing—review and editing, Z.S.-V. and D.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was partially funded by the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Institute of Advance Horticulture Research of Transylvania, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj–Napoca and the Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Effect of rooting stimulants (NAA8—0.8% concentration of 1-Naphthylacetic acid and NAA5—0.5% concentration of 1-Naphthylacetic acid) on rooting percentage for the six selected ornamental shrubs: (a) Syringa vulgaris ‘Mme Lemoine’ (SVM); (b) Syringa vulgaris ‘President Grevy’ (SVP); (c) Ilex aquifolium (IA); (d) Cotinus coggygria (CC); (e) Cotinus coggygria ‘Kanari’ (CCK); (f) Cotinus coggygria ‘Royal Purple’ (CCR). Bars represent the means ± SE (n = 30). Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences between the treatments, and different uppercase letters indicate the significant differences between the spring and summer propagated cuttings, according to Tukey’s test (α = 0.05).
Figure 1. Effect of rooting stimulants (NAA8—0.8% concentration of 1-Naphthylacetic acid and NAA5—0.5% concentration of 1-Naphthylacetic acid) on rooting percentage for the six selected ornamental shrubs: (a) Syringa vulgaris ‘Mme Lemoine’ (SVM); (b) Syringa vulgaris ‘President Grevy’ (SVP); (c) Ilex aquifolium (IA); (d) Cotinus coggygria (CC); (e) Cotinus coggygria ‘Kanari’ (CCK); (f) Cotinus coggygria ‘Royal Purple’ (CCR). Bars represent the means ± SE (n = 30). Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences between the treatments, and different uppercase letters indicate the significant differences between the spring and summer propagated cuttings, according to Tukey’s test (α = 0.05).
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Figure 2. Effect of rooting stimulants (NAA8 and NAA5) on root volume in the six selected ornamental shrubs: (a) Syringa vulgaris ‘Mme Lemoine’ (SVM); (b) Syringa vulgaris ‘President Grevy’ (SVP); (c) Ilex aquifolium (IA); (d) Cotinus coggygria (CC); (e) Cotinus coggygria ‘Kanari’ (CCK); (f) Cotinus coggygria ‘Royal Purple’ (CCR). Bars represent the means ± SE (n = 30). Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences between the treatments, and different uppercase letters indicate the significant differences between the spring and summer propagated cuttings, according to Tukey’s test (α = 0.05).
Figure 2. Effect of rooting stimulants (NAA8 and NAA5) on root volume in the six selected ornamental shrubs: (a) Syringa vulgaris ‘Mme Lemoine’ (SVM); (b) Syringa vulgaris ‘President Grevy’ (SVP); (c) Ilex aquifolium (IA); (d) Cotinus coggygria (CC); (e) Cotinus coggygria ‘Kanari’ (CCK); (f) Cotinus coggygria ‘Royal Purple’ (CCR). Bars represent the means ± SE (n = 30). Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences between the treatments, and different uppercase letters indicate the significant differences between the spring and summer propagated cuttings, according to Tukey’s test (α = 0.05).
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Figure 3. Effect of rooting stimulants (NAA8 and NAA5) on the number of roots in the six selected ornamental shrubs: (a) Syringa vulgaris ‘Mme Lemoine’ (SVM); (b) Syringa vulgaris ‘President Grevy’ (SVP); (c) Ilex aquifolium (IA); (d) Cotinus coggygria (CC); (e) Cotinus coggygria ‘Kanari’ (CCK); (f) Cotinus coggygria ‘Royal Purple’ (CCR). Bars represent the means ± SE (n = 30). Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences between the treatments, and different uppercase letters indicate the significant differences between the spring and summer propagated cuttings, according to Tukey’s test (α = 0.05).
Figure 3. Effect of rooting stimulants (NAA8 and NAA5) on the number of roots in the six selected ornamental shrubs: (a) Syringa vulgaris ‘Mme Lemoine’ (SVM); (b) Syringa vulgaris ‘President Grevy’ (SVP); (c) Ilex aquifolium (IA); (d) Cotinus coggygria (CC); (e) Cotinus coggygria ‘Kanari’ (CCK); (f) Cotinus coggygria ‘Royal Purple’ (CCR). Bars represent the means ± SE (n = 30). Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences between the treatments, and different uppercase letters indicate the significant differences between the spring and summer propagated cuttings, according to Tukey’s test (α = 0.05).
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Figure 4. Effect of rooting stimulants (NAA8 and NAA5) on root length in the six selected ornamental shrubs: (a) Syringa vulgaris ‘Mme Lemoine’ (SVM); (b) Syringa vulgaris ‘President Grevy’ (SVP); (c) Ilex aquifolium (IA); (d) Cotinus coggygria (CC); (e) Cotinus coggygria ‘Kanari’ (CCK); (f) Cotinus coggygria ‘Royal Purple’ (CCR). Bars represent the means ± SE (n = 30). Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences between the treatments, and different uppercase letters indicate the significant differences between the spring and summer propagated cuttings, according to Tukey’s test (α = 0.05).
Figure 4. Effect of rooting stimulants (NAA8 and NAA5) on root length in the six selected ornamental shrubs: (a) Syringa vulgaris ‘Mme Lemoine’ (SVM); (b) Syringa vulgaris ‘President Grevy’ (SVP); (c) Ilex aquifolium (IA); (d) Cotinus coggygria (CC); (e) Cotinus coggygria ‘Kanari’ (CCK); (f) Cotinus coggygria ‘Royal Purple’ (CCR). Bars represent the means ± SE (n = 30). Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences between the treatments, and different uppercase letters indicate the significant differences between the spring and summer propagated cuttings, according to Tukey’s test (α = 0.05).
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Figure 5. Effect of rooting stimulants (NAA8 and NAA5) on the diameter of rooted cuttings in the six selected ornamental shrubs: (a) Syringa vulgaris ‘Mme Lemoine’ (SVM); (b) Syringa vulgaris ‘President Grevy’ (SVP); (c) Ilex aquifolium (IA); (d) Cotinus coggygria (CC); (e) Cotinus coggygria ‘Kanari’ (CCK); (f) Cotinus coggygria ‘Royal Purple’ (CCR). Bars represent the means ± SE (n = 30). Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences between the treatments, and different uppercase letters indicate the significant differences between the spring and summer propagated cuttings, according to Tukey’s test (α = 0.05).
Figure 5. Effect of rooting stimulants (NAA8 and NAA5) on the diameter of rooted cuttings in the six selected ornamental shrubs: (a) Syringa vulgaris ‘Mme Lemoine’ (SVM); (b) Syringa vulgaris ‘President Grevy’ (SVP); (c) Ilex aquifolium (IA); (d) Cotinus coggygria (CC); (e) Cotinus coggygria ‘Kanari’ (CCK); (f) Cotinus coggygria ‘Royal Purple’ (CCR). Bars represent the means ± SE (n = 30). Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences between the treatments, and different uppercase letters indicate the significant differences between the spring and summer propagated cuttings, according to Tukey’s test (α = 0.05).
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Kentelky, E.; Jucan, D.; Cantor, M.; Szekely-Varga, Z. Efficacy of Different Concentrations of NAA on Selected Ornamental Woody Shrubs Cuttings. Horticulturae 2021, 7, 464. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7110464

AMA Style

Kentelky E, Jucan D, Cantor M, Szekely-Varga Z. Efficacy of Different Concentrations of NAA on Selected Ornamental Woody Shrubs Cuttings. Horticulturae. 2021; 7(11):464. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7110464

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kentelky, Endre, Denisa Jucan, Maria Cantor, and Zsolt Szekely-Varga. 2021. "Efficacy of Different Concentrations of NAA on Selected Ornamental Woody Shrubs Cuttings" Horticulturae 7, no. 11: 464. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7110464

APA Style

Kentelky, E., Jucan, D., Cantor, M., & Szekely-Varga, Z. (2021). Efficacy of Different Concentrations of NAA on Selected Ornamental Woody Shrubs Cuttings. Horticulturae, 7(11), 464. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7110464

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