Use of Diatomaceous Earth as a Silica Supplement on Potted Ornamentals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and Culture
2.2. Experimental Arrangement
2.3. Harvesting and Measurements
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Dahlia xhybrida ‘Dahlinova Montana’
3.2. Gerbera jamesonii ‘Festival Light Eye White Shades’
3.3. Rudbeckia hirta ‘Denver Daisy’
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source | Height (cm) | Width (cm) | Shoot Dry Weight (g) | Stem Diameter (cm) | Mean Flower Number | Flower Diameter (cm) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DE Treatment | * z | ns | ** | *** | ns | ns | |||||||
Irrigation | **** | **** | **** | *** | **** | **** | |||||||
DE Treatment × Irrigation | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |||||||
Source | N (%) | P (%) | S (%) | K (%) | Mg (%) | Ca (%) | Na (%) | Si (ppm) | Zn (ppm) | Cu (ppm) | Fe (ppm) | Mn (ppm) | Ni (ppm) |
DE Treatment | ** | * | * | ns | *** | **** | ns | **** | ns | *** | ** | **** | ns |
Irrigation | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | *** | ns | ns |
DE Treatment × Irrigation | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Source | Transpiration | Soil silica (ppm) | |||||||||||
DE Treatment | ns | **** | |||||||||||
Irrigation | **** | **** | |||||||||||
DE Treatment × Irrigation | **** | ** |
Well-Watered (10 cb) | Water-Stressed (20 cb) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cultivar | Application and Rate (g) z | Soil Si (ppm) | Transpiration | Leaf Si | Soil Si (ppm) | Transpiration | Leaf Si |
Dahlinova Montana | 0 | 47.8 e y | 8.9 a | x | 53.5 bcd | 4.8 b | x |
TD 20 | 56.1 de | 6.8 bc | x | 49.5 d | 4.5 b | x | |
TD 40 | 59.7 bcd | 9.0 a | x | 51.5 cd | 2.9 cd | x | |
TD 60 | 65.8 abc | 8.9 a | x | 47.8 d | 4.2 bc | x | |
TD 80 | 65.1 abc | 6.8 bc | x | 49.7 d | 3.3 cd | x | |
INC 50 | 58.8 cd | 7.0 b | x | 62.0 ab | 4.9 b | x | |
INC 100 | 67.9 ab | 5.2 d | x | 59.3 abc | 6.5 a | x | |
INC 150 | 70.1 a | 7.3 b | x | 63.1 a | 3.2 cd | x | |
INC 200 | 72.7 a | 5.7 cd | x | 63.6 a | 2.9 d | x | |
MM + Si | 53.1 de | 6.7 bc | x | 50.3 d | 4.6 b | x | |
Festival Light Eye White Shades | 0 | 43.6 bc | 9.0 | x | 32.7 cd | 7.3 abc | x |
TD 20 | 41.3 c | 9.6 | x | 30.4 d | 8.2 ab | x | |
TD 40 | 45.5 bc | 9.1 | x | 35.8 cd | 8.5 ab | x | |
TD 60 | 43.0 bc | 10.4 | x | 48.2 b | 8.5 ab | x | |
TD 80 | 47.2 bc | 9.7 | x | 47.6 b | 8.7 a | x | |
INC 50 | 42.3 c | 8.9 | x | 41.5 bc | 6.9 bc | x | |
INC 100 | 50.4 bc | 8.3 | x | 59.5 a | 6.1 c | x | |
INC 150 | 52.1 ab | 9.2 | x | 59.4 a | 7.0 bc | x | |
INC 200 | 56.9 a | 9.4 | x | 45.3 b | 5.8 c | x | |
MM + Si | 43.6 bc | 9.6 | x | 36.3 cd | 7.2 abc | x | |
Denver Daisy | 0 | x | x | 276.6 bc | x | x | 345.7 bc |
TD 20 | x | x | 281.5 abc | x | x | 373.4 bc | |
TD 40 | x | x | 260.2 bc | x | x | 357.8 bc | |
TD 60 | x | x | 313.8 abc | x | x | 412.0 ab | |
TD 80 | x | x | 261.9 bc | x | x | 321.3 bcd | |
INC 50 | x | x | 292.3 abc | x | x | 346.3 bc | |
INC 100 | x | x | 377.4 ab | x | x | 261.1 cd | |
INC 150 | x | x | 196.4 cd | x | x | 208.9 d | |
INC 200 | x | x | 91.4 c | x | x | 201.6 d | |
MM + Si | x | x | 406.5 a | x | x | 522.4 a |
Cultivar | Irrigation Rate (cb) | Height (cm) | Width (cm) | Shoot Dry Weight (g) | Stem Diameter (cm) | Mean Flower Number | Flower Diameter (cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dahlinova Montana | 10 | 27.4 a z | 29.7 a | 19.8 a | 4.3 a | 8.4 a | 6.8 a |
20 | 22.0 b | 24.2 b | 11.2 b | 3.8 b | 4.8 b | 4.1 b | |
Festival Light Eye White Shades | 10 | 12.3 | 23.6 a | 6.2 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.4 |
20 | 11.2 | 20.8 b | 5.3 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.1 | |
Denver Daisy | 10 | 36.8 a | 29.9 a | 25.0 a | 4.6 a | 12.6 a | 7.9 a |
20 | 22.0 b | 24.2 b | 11.2 b | 3.7 b | 4.8 b | 4.1 b |
Cultivar | Application and Rate (g) z | Height (cm) | Width (cm) | Shoot Dry Weight (g) | Stem Diameter (cm) | Mean Flower Number | Flower Diameter (cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dahlinova Montana | 0 | 24.9 ab y | 26.9 | 15.8 a–d | 3.8 bc | 7.1 | 5.7 |
TD 20 | 24.1 ab | 29.1 | 18.9 a | 4.5 a | 8.0 | 5.8 | |
TD 40 | 24.8 ab | 27.9 | 19.0 a | 4.5 a | 8.5 | 5.4 | |
TD 60 | 26.9 a | 29.3 | 17.9 ab | 4.3 ab | 5.7 | 4.9 | |
TD 80 | 26.8 a | 26.9 | 16.2 abc | 4.5 a | 7.0 | 5.3 | |
INC 50 | 22.2 b | 24.3 | 14.5 bcd | 3.9 ac | 5.9 | 4.9 | |
INC 100 | 26.6 a | 27.5 | 15.2 a–d | 4.3 ab | 6.3 | 6.3 | |
INC 150 | 22.1 b | 25.9 | 11.8 d | 3.4 c | 5.4 | 5.3 | |
INC 200 | 23.9 ab | 25.1 | 12.6 cd | 3.4 c | 5.5 | 5.4 | |
MM + Si | 24.9 ab | 27.4 | 13.1 cd | 3.8 bc | 6.4 | 5.4 | |
Festival Light Eye White Shades | 0 | 8.9 b y | 20.8 b | 3.9 c | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.6 |
TD 20 | 11.1 b | 21.7 ab | 5.9 bc | 1.2 | 1.1 | 2.1 | |
TD 40 | 11.2 b | 22.5 ab | 4.9 bc | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1.1 | |
TD 60 | 10.4 b | 22.4 ab | 5.4 bc | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.2 | |
TD 80 | 11.8 ab | 20.0 b | 5.9 bc | 0.3 | 0.8 | 1.2 | |
INC 50 | 12.1 ab | 21.6 ab | 5.7 bc | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.0 | |
INC 100 | 15.1 a | 25.2 a | 8.6 a | 1.5 | 1.2 | 2.8 | |
INC 150 | 15.3 a | 24.9 a | 7.2 ab | 1.5 | 1.0 | 2.1 | |
INC 200 | 10.8 b | 23.1 ab | 5.0 bc | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.6 | |
MM + Si | 10.8 b | 19.5 b | 4.9 bc | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 | |
Denver Daisy | 0 | 30.8 bc y | 23.0 bc | 12.8 | 4.3 | 6.4 | 6.2 b |
TD 20 | 31.1 bc | 26.9 ab | 17.6 | 4.4 | 10.5 | 5.4 bc | |
TD 40 | 30.9 bc | 26.9 ab | 18.1 | 3.9 | 9.8 | 5.5 bc | |
TD 60 | 34.8 abc | 27.2 ab | 23.4 | 4.7 | 11.1 | 5.9 bc | |
TD 80 | 30.9 bc | 28.2 a | 24.2 | 4.5 | 9.7 | 6.4 b | |
INC 50 | 32.2 bc | 26.1 abc | 18.2 | 4.2 | 9.6 | 6.5 ab | |
INC 100 | 46.4 a | 27.8 a | 19.9 | 3.8 | 8.9 | 5.9 bc | |
INC 150 | 25.3 c | 21.9 c | 15.5 | 4.0 | 7.0 | 4.9 bc | |
INC 200 | 27.4 bc | 23.1 bc | 16.1 | 3.7 | 8.5 | 4.5 a | |
MM + Si | 39.2 ab | 29.2 a | 20.2 | 4.3 | 11.1 | 8.1 a |
Cultivar | Application and Rate (g) z | N (%) | P (%) | K (%) | Mg (%) | Ca (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dahlinova Montana | 0 | 3.55 bcd y | 0.29 c | 3.51 | 0.92 bc | 1.74 de |
TD 20 | 3.88 ab | 0.33 bc | 3.33 | 0.91 bc | 1.81 cd | |
TD 40 | 4.11 ab | 0.34 bc | 3.19 | 0.97 ab | 1.75 de | |
TD 60 | 4.09 ab | 0.33 bc | 3.23 | 0.84 c | 1.61 e | |
TD 80 | 3.83 ab | 0.34 abc | 3.47 | 0.96 ab | 1.85 bcd | |
INC 50 | 3.21 cd | 0.29 c | 3.48 | 0.98 ab | 1.93 abc | |
INC 100 | 3.75 abcd | 0.35 abc | 3.54 | 1.03 a | 1.99 ab | |
INC 150 | 3.79 abc | 0.38 ab | 3.81 | 0.98 ab | 2.00 ab | |
INC 200 | 4.27 a | 0.39 a | 3.54 | 0.92 bc | 1.88 bcd | |
MM + Si | 3.19 d | 0.33 bc | 3.44 | 0.82 c | 2.07 a | |
Festival Light Eye White Shades | 0 | 2.86 y | 0.26 | 2.63 | 0.62 | 1.45 |
TD 20 | 2.92 | 0.31 | 3.18 | 0.66 | 1.55 | |
TD 40 | 3.05 | 0.28 | 3.30 | 0.62 | 1.48 | |
TD 60 | 2.93 | 0.46 | 3.06 | 0.77 | 2.12 | |
TD 80 | 3.14 | 0.54 | 3.31 | 0.79 | 2.02 | |
INC 50 | 2.74 | 0.29 | 3.10 | 0.73 | 1.71 | |
INC 100 | 2.82 | 0.27 | 3.06 | 0.62 | 1.42 | |
INC 150 | 2.95 | 0.26 | 3.03 | 0.55 | 1.26 | |
INC 200 | 2.98 | 0.26 | 2.97 | 0.56 | 1.33 | |
MM + Si | 2.99 | 0.37 | 3.10 | 0.70 | 1.88 | |
Denver Daisy | 0 | 2.40 de y | 0.20 e | 3.09 d | 1.21 a | 3.35 b |
TD 20 | 2.79 cde | 0.22 cde | 3.31 bcd | 1.20 ab | 3.33 b | |
TD 40 | 2.98 bc | 0.26 bcd | 3.53 bcd | 1.10 ab | 2.89 bc | |
TD 60 | 2.94 bc | 0.23 cde | 3.25 cd | 1.13 ab | 3.28 bc | |
TD 80 | 2.87 cd | 0.21 de | 3.29 bcd | 1.12 ab | 3.17 bc | |
INC 50 | 2.82 cde | 0.24 b–e | 3.27 bcd | 1.15 ab | 3.27 bc | |
INC 100 | 2.96 bc | 0.27 abc | 3.74 ab | 1.12 ab | 3.26 bc | |
INC 150 | 3.38 ab | 0.28 ab | 3.72 abc | 1.09 bc | 3.26 bc | |
INC 200 | 3.51 a | 0.31 a | 4.13 a | 0.97 cd | 2.79 c | |
MM + Si | 2.37 e | 0.21 de | 3.14 d | 0.96 d | 4.01 a | |
Optimum levels x | 2.50–4.50 | 0.20–0.75 | 1.50–5.50 | 0.25–1.00 | 1.00–4.00 |
Cultivar | Application and Rate (g) z | S (%) | Na (%) | Si (ppm) | Zn (ppm) | Cu (ppm) | Mn (ppm) | Ni (ppm) | Fe (ppm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dahlinova Montana | 0 | 0.33 bc y | 0.02 | 84.1 a | 38.5 a | 12.0 cd | 151.6 d | 0.0 | 92.2 d |
TD 20 | 0.39 ab | 0.03 | 69.1 abc | 46.6 a | 14.4 cd | 149.3 d | 0.0 | 106.6 cd | |
TD 40 | 0.39 ab | 0.03 | 77.3 ab | 53.6 a | 18.2 a | 163.9 cd | 0.0 | 232.7 a | |
TD 60 | 0.35 abc | 0.02 | 69.7 abc | 39.5 a | 14.4 cd | 150.2 d | 0.0 | 161.7 a–d | |
TD 80 | 0.41 a | 0.02 | 38.1 c | 44.9 a | 17.5 ab | 188.8 bc | 0.0 | 171.5 abc | |
INC 50 | 0.34 bc | 0.02 | 47.9 bc | 45.2 a | 14.8 bcd | 189.9 bc | 0.0 | 133.8 bcd | |
INC 100 | 0.39 ab | 0.03 | 82.9 a | 57.9 | 15.1 bc | 204.6 b | 0.0 | 188.6 ab | |
INC 150 | 0.37 ab | 0.03 | 67.5 abc | 42.2 | 14.1 cd | 272.1 a | 0.1 | 163.1 a–d | |
INC 200 | 0.37 ab | 0.02 | 45.8 bc | 39.9 | 13.3 cd | 250.4 a | 0.0 | 104.5 cd | |
MM + Si | 0.31 c | 0.03 | 94.3 a | 42.5 | 11.9 d | 194.7 b | 0.3 | 97.1 d | |
Festival Light Eye White Shades | 0 | 0.40 y | 0.07 | 107.6 | 46.6 | 24.8 | 145.4 | 2.29 a | 591.1 |
TD 20 | 0.48 | 0.08 | 253.4 | 56.6 | 31.5 | 129.8 | 0.128 b | 392.1 | |
TD 40 | 0.39 | 0.07 | 185.2 | 52.8 | 20.9 | 129.2 | 0.002 b | 235.6 | |
TD 60 | 1.01 | 0.16 | 308.0 | 84.1 | 133.8 | 156.9 | 0.191 b | 390.6 | |
TD 80 | 1.03 | 0.14 | 264.7 | 115.2 | 171.8 | 190.8 | 0.066 b | 566.7 | |
INC 50 | 0.42 | 0.07 | 223.7 | 57.9 | 14.4 | 165.3 | 2.12 a | 649.9 | |
INC 100 | 0.38 | 0.12 | 263.2 | 51.8 | 20.3 | 161.9 | 2.23 a | 736.4 | |
INC 150 | 0.32 | 0.07 | 172.1 | 43.9 | 11.6 | 161.8 | 0.103 b | 305.9 | |
INC 200 | 0.31 | 0.06 | 163.9 | 43.6 | 10.5 | 219.1 | 0.131 b | 291.1 | |
MM + Si | 0.62 | 0.08 | 308.1 | 79.2 | 67.9 | 198.8 | 1.48 ab | 742.7 | |
Denver Daisy | 0 | 0.41 cd | 0.02 | x | 39.7 | 6.03 de | 137.6 bc | 0.002 | 97.9 c |
TD 20 | 0.49 abc | 0.02 | x | 40.4 | 8.0 b–e | 131.7 bcd | 0.002 | 130.9 bc | |
TD 40 | 0.48 abc | 0.02 | x | 42.7 | 8.9 b–e | 114.4 d | 0.002 | 134.5 bc | |
TD 60 | 0.52 ab | 0.04 | x | 39.8 | 8.6 a–d | 125.7 cd | 0.003 | 132.6 bc | |
TD 80 | 0.44 bcd | 0.04 | x | 33.1 | 7.5 cde | 129.5 cd | 0.462 | 91.7 c | |
INC 50 | 0.55 a | 0.02 | x | 44.2 | 10.9 ab | 137.1 bc | 0.533 | 209.2 ab | |
INC 100 | 0.53 ab | 0.03 | x | 36.8 | 10.0 abc | 152.1 b | 0.308 | 168.8 bc | |
INC 150 | 0.48 abc | 0.03 | x | 37.6 | 7.6 cde | 208.7 a | 0.145 | 139.5 bc | |
INC 200 | 0.50 abc | 0.03 | x | 43.6 | 11.4 a | 203.8 a | 0.575 | 285.2 a | |
MM + Si | 0.34 d | 0.01 | x | 37.1 | 5.1 e | 140.3 bc | 0.002 | 105.9 bc | |
Optimum levels | 0.2–0.8 | w | w | 27–100 | 5.0–30.0 | 20–300 | 0–5 | 100–500 |
Source | Height (cm) | Width (cm) | Shoot Dry Weight (g) | Stem Diameter (cm) | Mean Flower Number | Flower Diameter (cm) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DE Treatment | * z | * | * | ns | ns | ns | |||||
Irrigation | ns | ** | ns | ns | ns | ns | |||||
DE Treatment × Irrigation | ns | Ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |||||
Source | N (%) | P (%) | S (%) | K (%) | Mg (%) | Ca (%) | Na (%) | Si (ppm) | Zn (ppm) | Cu (ppm) | Fe (ppm) |
DE Treatment | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Irrigation | ns | ns | ns | ns | * | * | ** | * | ns | ns | ns |
DE Treatment × Irrigation | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Source | Transpiration | Soil silica (ppm) | |||||||||
DE Treatment | ns | **** | |||||||||
Irrigation | **** | * | |||||||||
DE Treatment × Irrigation | ** | ** |
Cultivar | Application and Rate (g) z | N (%) | P (%) | S (%) | K (%) | Mg (%) | Ca (%) | Na (%) | Si (ppm) | Zn (ppm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dahlinova Montana | 10 | 3.73 z | 0.35 | 0.37 | 3.39 | 0.93 | 1.83 | 0.03 | 68.1 | 46.1 |
20 | 3.79 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 3.52 | 0.94 | 1.89 | 0.03 | 67.2 | 44.1 | |
Festival Light Eye White Shades | 10 | 2.89 z | 0.27 | 0.41 | 3.01 b | 0.61 | 1.45 b | 0.07 b | 184.2 | 51.5 |
20 | 2.99 | 0.24 | 0.66 | 3.14 a | 0.72 | 1.79 a | 0.12 a | 265.6 | 74.8 | |
Denver Daisy | 10 | 2.88 z | 0.25 | 0.43 b | 3.48 | 1.03 b | 2.82 b | 0.03 | y | 37.5 |
20 | 2.92 | 0.24 | 0.52 a | 3.42 | 1.18 a | 3.70 a | 0.22 | y | 41.5 | |
Optimum levels x | 2.50–4.50 | 0.20–0.75 | 0.25–1.00 | 1.50–5.50 | 0.25–1.00 | 1.00–4.00 | w | w | 27.0–100.0 |
Source | Height (cm) | Width (cm) | Shoot Dry Weight (g) | Stem Diameter (cm) | Mean Flower Number | Flower Diameter (cm) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DE Treatment | * z | * | ns | ns | ns | ** | |||||||
Irrigation | ** | **** | **** | *** | **** | **** | |||||||
DE Treatment × Irrigation | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |||||||
Source | N (%) | P (%) | S (%) | K (%) | Mg (%) | Ca (%) | Na (%) | Si (ppm) | Zn (ppm) | Cu (ppm) | Fe (ppm) | Mn (ppm) | Ni (ppm) |
DE Treatment | **** | **** | *** | *** | *** | ** | ns | **** | ns | ns | * | **** | ns |
Irrigation | ns | ns | ns | ns | **** | **** | ns | **** | ns | ** | ns | * | ns |
DE Treatment × Irrigation | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | *** | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Source | Transpiration | Soil silica (ppm) | |||||||||||
DE Treatment | ns | **** | |||||||||||
Irrigation | **** | **** | |||||||||||
DE Treatment × Irrigation | ns | ns |
Source | Irrigation Rate (cb) | Soil Si (ppm) | Transpiration |
---|---|---|---|
Well-watered | 10 | 35.8 b z | 4.56 b |
Water-stressed | 20 | 47.7 a | 8.10 a |
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Mills-Ibibofori, T.; Dunn, B.; Maness, N.; Payton, M. Use of Diatomaceous Earth as a Silica Supplement on Potted Ornamentals. Horticulturae 2019, 5, 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae5010021
Mills-Ibibofori T, Dunn B, Maness N, Payton M. Use of Diatomaceous Earth as a Silica Supplement on Potted Ornamentals. Horticulturae. 2019; 5(1):21. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae5010021
Chicago/Turabian StyleMills-Ibibofori, Taylor, Bruce Dunn, Niels Maness, and Mark Payton. 2019. "Use of Diatomaceous Earth as a Silica Supplement on Potted Ornamentals" Horticulturae 5, no. 1: 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae5010021