Adapting American Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Varieties to Mediterranean Sustainable Agriculture: A Trellis Height Exploration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site and Design
2.2. Soil and Plant Management
- -
- Kelpstar® (Mugavero fertilizers, Palermo, Italy), a liquid extract of Ecklonia maxima, containing organic nitrogen (1%), organic carbon (10%), phytohormones, mainly auxin (11 mg L−1) and cytokinin (0.03 mg L−1), and organic substances with nominal molecular weights < 50 kDa (30%).
- -
- Siapton® (Isagro spa, Milano, Italy), a liquid formulation containing organic matter (567–720 g L−1), composed of organic nitrogen (8.7–9.1%), organic carbon (26%) and free amino acids (7.9–10%).
- -
- YaraTera Deltaspray 20-20-20 +ME (Yara Italia, Milano, Italy), a highly soluble compound fertilizer (N:P2O5:K2O = 20:20:20), also containing microelements (Mo, B, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn).
2.3. Field Measurements
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Biomass Yields
3.2. Plant Height, SPAD Values, and Growth Trend
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Clay (%) | 37.1 |
Silt (%) | 25.0 |
Sand (%) | 37.9 |
pH (in water 1:2.5) | 8.67 |
EC1:2.5 (mS cm−1) | 0.388 |
Total CaCO3 (%) | 24.5 |
Act. CaCO3 (%) | 3.25 |
Organic C (%) | 0.84 |
N (‰) | 0.98 |
P (Olsen; mg g−1) | 0.037 |
K (mg g−1) | 0.031 |
Growing Season | Fertilizers and Biostimulants Used | ||
---|---|---|---|
KelpStar ® | Siapton® | 20.20.20 NPK | |
(mL ha−1) | (mL ha−1) | (kg ha−1) | |
2022 | 150 | 150 | - |
2023 | 150 | 150 | 15 |
2022 | 2023 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatments | Total Biomass | Stems and Leaves | Cone Yield | Total Biomass | Stems and Leaves | Cone Yield |
(t ha−1 FM) | (t ha−1 FM) | (t ha−1 DM) | (t ha−1 FM) | (t ha−1 FM) | (t ha−1 DM) | |
Variety (V) | ||||||
Cascade (CA) | 1.83 | 0.96 | 0.17 | 5.53 | 4.41 | 0.28 a |
Chinook (CH) | 2.08 | 1.22 | 0.17 | 2.58 | 1.73 | 0.21 b |
Significance | NS | NS | NS | *** | *** | * |
Trellis height (TH) | ||||||
2.60 m (L) | 2.74 | 1.52 a | 0.25 | 4.02 | 3.02 | 0.24 |
3.60 m (M) | 1.45 | 0.83 b | 0.12 | 4.22 | 3.12 | 0.27 |
4.60 m (H) | 1.67 | 0.93 b | 0.14 | 3.92 | 3.06 | 0.21 |
Significance | *** | ** | *** | NS | NS | NS |
V × TH | ||||||
CA × L | 2.88 a | 1.45 | 0.29 a | 5.68 a | 4.48 a | 0.29 |
CA × M | 1.45 bc | 0.82 | 0.13 bc | 5.21 a | 4.07 a | 0.29 |
CA × H | 1.16 c | 0.62 | 0.11 c | 5.71 a | 4.67 a | 0.25 |
CH × L | 2.60 ab | 1.57 | 0.21 ab | 2.37 b | 1.56 b | 0.19 |
CH × M | 1.46 bc | 0.85 | 0.12 c | 3.25 ab | 2.17 b | 0.26 |
CH × H | 2.18 ac | 1.25 | 0.18 bc | 2.12 b | 1.45 b | 0.17 |
Significance | * | NS | ** | * | * | NS |
Inserted Variable | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 3 | Step 4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff | p | Coeff | p | Coeff | p | Coeff | p | |
2022 | ||||||||
Stems and leaves (g FM) | 0.1423 | *** | 0.1423 | *** | 0.1424 | *** | 0.1423 | *** |
Vegetative stages’ lenght (dd) | −0.0229 | NS | 0.02293 | NS | 0.2110 | NS | ||
SPADharv | 0.2130 | NS | −0.0249 | NS | ||||
Heightmax (cm) | 0.0015 | NS | ||||||
Partial R2 | 0.6840 | 0.0030 | 0.0030 | 0.0040 | ||||
Final R2 | 0.6840 | *** | 0.6806 | *** | 0.6742 | *** | 0.6778 | *** |
2023 | ||||||||
Stems and leaves (g FM) | 0.03924 | *** | 0.03883 | *** | 0.03886 | *** | 0.03830 | *** |
Vegetative stages’ lenght (dd) | 1.0880 | NS | 1.0030 | NS | 0.976 | NS | ||
Spadharv | 0.3010 | NS | 0.3370 | NS | ||||
Heightmax (cm) | 0.0169 | NS | ||||||
Partial R2 | 0.3416 | 0.0030 | 0.0020 | 0.0060 | ||||
Final R2 | 0.3416 | *** | 0.3391 | *** | 0.3369 | *** | 0.3309 | *** |
2022 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source of Variation | Plants’ Height | SPAD Values | Growth Rates | |||||||||
Within Subjects | SS | DF | MS | F-Ratio | SS | DF | MS | F-Ratio | SS | DF | MS | F-Ratio |
Time (T) | 7,833,048.7 | 10 | 783,304.9 | 755.5 *** | 20,327.4 | 8 | 2540.9 | 2.7 ** | 3953.1 | 8 | 494.1 | 53.8 *** |
T × Variety (V) | 147,821.7 | 10 | 14,782.2 | 14.3 *** | 2667.7 | 8 | 333.5 | <1 NS | 1838.6 | 8 | 229.8 | 25.0 *** |
T × Trellis height (TH) | 167,898.2 | 20 | 8394.9 | 8.1 *** | 19,129.1 | 16 | 1195.6 | 1.3 NS | 567.3 | 16 | 35.5 | 3.9 *** |
T × V × TH | 89,457.8 | 20 | 4472.9 | 4.3 *** | 6114.1 | 16 | 382.1 | <1 NS | 508.2 | 16 | 31.8 | 3.5 *** |
Error | 995,345.7 | 960 | 9,601,036.82 | 667,890.8 | 720 | 927.6 | 6974.8 | 760 | 9.2 | |||
2023 | ||||||||||||
Source of Variation | Plants’ Height | SPAD Values | Growth Rates | |||||||||
Within Subjects | SS | DF | MS | F-Ratio | SS | DF | MS | F-Ratio | SS | DF | MS | F-Ratio |
Time (T) | 7,625,289.6 | 8 | 95,3161.2 | 649.3 *** | 418.4 | 5 | 83.7 | 6.4 *** | 4709.0 | 7 | 672.7 | 54.4 *** |
T × Variety (V) | 42,917.2 | 8 | 5364.7 | 3.7 *** | 268.3 | 5 | 53.7 | 4.1 *** | 105.0 | 7 | 15.0 | 1.2 NS |
T × Trellis height (TH) | 334,357.7 | 16 | 20,897.4 | 14.2 *** | 216.0 | 10 | 21.6 | 1.7 NS | 1427.1 | 14 | 101.9 | 8.2 *** |
T × V × TH | 35,036.0 | 16 | 2189.8 | 1.5 NS | 795.0 | 10 | 79.5 | 6.1 *** | 296.3 | 14 | 21.2 | 1.7 * |
Error | 1,103,897.4 | 752 | 1468.0 | 5648.6 | 435 | 13.0 | 8229.5 | 665 | 12.4 |
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Marceddu, R.; Carrubba, A.; Alfeo, V.; Alessi, A.; Sarno, M. Adapting American Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Varieties to Mediterranean Sustainable Agriculture: A Trellis Height Exploration. Horticulturae 2024, 10, 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10020181
Marceddu R, Carrubba A, Alfeo V, Alessi A, Sarno M. Adapting American Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Varieties to Mediterranean Sustainable Agriculture: A Trellis Height Exploration. Horticulturae. 2024; 10(2):181. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10020181
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarceddu, Roberto, Alessandra Carrubba, Vincenzo Alfeo, Alessandro Alessi, and Mauro Sarno. 2024. "Adapting American Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Varieties to Mediterranean Sustainable Agriculture: A Trellis Height Exploration" Horticulturae 10, no. 2: 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10020181
APA StyleMarceddu, R., Carrubba, A., Alfeo, V., Alessi, A., & Sarno, M. (2024). Adapting American Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Varieties to Mediterranean Sustainable Agriculture: A Trellis Height Exploration. Horticulturae, 10(2), 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10020181