Effect of Various Pretreatment Methods on Bioethanol Production from Cotton Stalks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Material and Reagents
2.2. Pretreatment of Cotton Stalks
2.2.1. Hydrothermal Treatment
2.2.2. Microwave-Assisted Acid Pretreatment
2.2.3. Alkali Treatment
2.2.4. Organosolv Treatment
2.3. Bioconversion of Pretreated CS to Ethanol
2.4. Analytical Methods
2.5. Calculations
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Composition of Native and Pretreated CS
3.2. Conversion of Pre-Treated CS to Bioethanol Applying PSSF
3.3. Effect of Organosolv-Hydrothermally Treated CS Concentration and Pre-Hydrolysis Time on Bioethanol Production
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | Content (g/100 g of Pretreated CS) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Microwave-Assisted Acid a | Hydrothermal b | Alkali c | Organosolv d | Organosolv-Hydrothermal e | |
Cellulose | 48.6 ± 0.3 | 47.3 ± 2.1 | 55.3 ± 1.5 | 77.0 ± 0.7 | 79.6 ± 0.2 |
Hemicellulose | 9.6 ± 0.8 | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 21.2 ± 0.7 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.1 |
Lignin Klason | 38.3 ± 1.5 | 39.1 ±1.3 | 22.2 ± 1.0 | 9.7 ± 0.6 | 10.4 ± 0.5 |
Acid Soluble Lignin | 2.3 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.0 |
Total lignin | 40.6 ± 1.6 | 40.8 ± 1.3 | 23.3 ± 1.0 | 10.8 ± 0.7 | 11.2 ± 0.5 |
Pretreatment Method (Pretreatment Conditions) | Ethanol (g/L) | Ethanol Yield (g/100 g Pretreated CS) | Theoretical Ethanol Yield (%) 1 | Ethanol Productivity (g/L/h) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alkali treatment (10% w/w NaOH, 121 °C, 30 min) | 15.9 ± 0.7 | 10.6 ± 0.5 | 33.9 ± 1.5 | 0.33 ± 0.02 |
Microwave-assisted acid pretreatment (210 °C, 10 min, 2%, w/w sulfuric acid) | 15.9 ± 1.8 | 10.6 ± 1.2 | 38.5 ± 1.3 | 0.33 ± 0.02 |
Hydrothermolysis (175 °C, 2 h, N2) | 18.8 ± 0.3 | 12.5 ± 0.3 | 54.6 ± 1.3 | 0.45 ± 0.04 |
Organosolv | 22.1 ± 0.2 | 14.8 ± 0.1 | 33.8 ± 0.4 | 0.52 ± 0.01 |
Organosolv and hydrothermal treatment (175 °C, 2 h, N2) | 32.3 ± 2.2 | 21.5 ± 1.5 | 47.6 ± 2.7 | 0.49 ± 0.05 |
Type of Pretreatment | Fermenting Microorganism | Solids Loading (%, w/v) | Type of Process | Ethanol Conc. (g/L) | Productivity (g/L/h) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alkaline (4% w/v NaOH, 121 °C/15psi for 60 min) | Pichia kudriavzevii HOP-1 | 10.0 | PSSF (12 h) 1 | 19.48 | 0.41 | [4] |
Ozone treatment (ozone concentration of 45 mg/L and flow rate of 0.37 L/min for 150 min) | P. kudriavzevii HOP-1 | 10.0 | SHF | 10.96 | 0.46 | [4] |
Dilute acid (0.8% v/v (1.5% w/v), H2SO4 at 180 °C for 12 min) | S. cerevisiae Thermosacc® Dry | 10.0 | SSF | 12.88 | 0.13 | [33] |
Liquid Hot Water (severity factor: 4.34) | Dry yeast | 8.0 | PSSF (24 h) 1 | 14.0 | 0.12 | [23] |
Alkaline (3% NaOH at room temperature for 24 h). Two-stage acid hydrolysis of cellulose | S. cerevisiae VS3 and Pichia stipitis NCIM-3498 | 10.0 3 | - | 11.64 | 0.24 | [6] |
High pressure-assisted alkali pretreatment (HPAP) (3.0% NaOH, 121 °C, 130 kPa for 40 min) | S. cerevisiae | 2.0 2 | SHF | 3.32 | 0.07 | [27] |
Ionic Liquids (EMIMAc) (150 °C for 30 min) | S. cerevisiae NRRL Y-132 | 15.0 2 | SHF | 22.9 | 1.92 | [22] |
Ultrasonication and hot water and ligninolytic enzymes pretreatment | S. cerevisiae Ethanol Red | 10.0 2 | SHF | 5.5 | 0.08 | [40] |
Organosolv and hydrothermal treatment | Dry yeast | 20.0 | PSSF (14 h) 1 | 47.0 | 1.57 | Present study |
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Dimos, K.; Paschos, T.; Louloudi, A.; Kalogiannis, K.G.; Lappas, A.A.; Papayannakos, N.; Kekos, D.; Mamma, D. Effect of Various Pretreatment Methods on Bioethanol Production from Cotton Stalks. Fermentation 2019, 5, 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation5010005
Dimos K, Paschos T, Louloudi A, Kalogiannis KG, Lappas AA, Papayannakos N, Kekos D, Mamma D. Effect of Various Pretreatment Methods on Bioethanol Production from Cotton Stalks. Fermentation. 2019; 5(1):5. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation5010005
Chicago/Turabian StyleDimos, Konstantinos, Thomas Paschos, Argiro Louloudi, Konstantinos G. Kalogiannis, Angelos A. Lappas, Nikolaos Papayannakos, Dimitris Kekos, and Diomi Mamma. 2019. "Effect of Various Pretreatment Methods on Bioethanol Production from Cotton Stalks" Fermentation 5, no. 1: 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation5010005