Avant-Garde Polymer and Nano-Graphite-Derived Nanocomposites—Versatility and Implications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nano-Graphite
3. Polymer and Nano-Graphite-Derived Nanocomposites: Variations and Features
3.1. Conducting Polymer/Nano-Graphite
3.2. Polystyrene/Nano-Graphite
3.3. Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)/Nano-Graphite
3.4. Poly(Vinyl Chloride)/Nano-Graphite
3.5. Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)/Nano-Graphite
3.6. Poly(Lactic Acid)/Nano-Graphite
3.7. Polyurethane/Nano-Graphite
3.8. Rubber/Nano-Graphite
4. Application Arenas of High-Performance Polymer/Nano-Graphite Nanocomposites
4.1. In Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
4.2. In Electronics
4.3. EMI Shielding
5. Future Perspectives, Challenges, and Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nano-Graphite (wt.%) | Glass Transition Temperature (°C) | Initial Thermal Decomposition Temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|
Neat | 110.6 | 114.5 |
0.25 | 107.8 | 97.72 |
0.50 | 112.1 | 153.9 |
0.75 | 116.6 | 132.5 |
1.0 | 112.0 | 126.2 |
1.5 | – | 88.67 |
Sample | Voc (v) | Jsc (mA·cm−2) | FF | PCE (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PPy | 0.760 | 11.74 | 0.632 | 5.64 |
NG | 0.705 | 13.04 | 0.582 | 5.35 |
Pt | 0.755 | 14.54 | 0.636 | 6.98 |
NG/PPy | 0.765 | 14.83 | 0.652 | 7.40 |
Polymer | Nanofiller/Preparation Method | Nanocomposite Fabrication | Property/Application | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) | Nano-graphite; 7–8 graphene layers; 2.6 nm thickness | Solution method | Dispersion; swift heavy ions | [39] |
Polyaniline | Nano-graphite; planetary ball milling | Cold pressing | Electrical conductivity; hardness | [40] |
Polypyrrole | Nano-graphite; sonication in 95% alcohol solution | In situ polymerization | Electrical conductivity 80.0 Scm−1 | [41] |
Polystyrene | Nano-graphite; detonation method; size 16 nm; specific surface area 583.6 m2⋅g−1 | Pickering emulsion | Morphology; polystyrene microspheres encapsulated with nano-graphite shield | [45] |
Poly(methyl methacrylate) | Commercial nano-graphite; ~400 nm | In situ polymerization | Thermogravimetric analysis; initial decomposition temperature ~154 °C | [49] |
Poly(methyl methacrylate) | Nano-graphite | Solution casting technique | Optical properties; thermal stability | [50] |
Poly(vinyl chloride) | Commercial nano-graphite; Titania | Solution casting technique | Conductivity; photocatalytic activity | [54] |
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) | Nano-graphite | Solution casting; compression molding | Percolation threshold; dielectric permittivity | [58] |
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) | Nano-graphite | Solution method | β-phase; interface effects | [59] |
Poly(lactic acid) | Nano-graphite; sonication of graphite in ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazoliumhexa-fluorophosphate | Melt blending | Aggregates of 300 nm | |
Poly(lactic acid) | Commercial. nano-graphite; diameter 1.5–2.0 µm | Fused Deposition Modeling | Thermal conductivity; conducting pathways | [64] |
Polyurethane | Nano-graphite | Solution method | Percolation threshold; electrical conductivity | [65] |
Acrylonitrilebutadiene rubber | Nano-graphite in poly(ethylene glycol) | Melt method | Young’s modulus; hardness; thermal stability; permittivity; dielectric loss; antistatic application | [68] |
Chlorobutyl elastomer | Nano-graphite | Melt method | Percolation threshold; storage modulus; dielectric properties | [69] |
Polyaniline | Nano-graphite | Electro-polymerization | DSSC counter electrode; power-conversion efficiency ~7.07% | [80] |
Polypyrrole | Nano-graphite | Electro-polymerization | Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; power-conversion efficiency ~7.40% | [81] |
Room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber | Nano-graphite; 12–15 nm diameter | Melt; solution; printing | Sensors/actuators; piezo-resistive strain sensing; compressive modulus; tensile modulus stretchability >100%; durability of up to 5000 cycles | [86,87,88,89] |
Silicon rubber | Nano-graphite; carbon black | Melt route | Electromagnetic interference shielding | [100,101] |
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Kausar, A. Avant-Garde Polymer and Nano-Graphite-Derived Nanocomposites—Versatility and Implications. C 2023, 9, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/c9010013
Kausar A. Avant-Garde Polymer and Nano-Graphite-Derived Nanocomposites—Versatility and Implications. C. 2023; 9(1):13. https://doi.org/10.3390/c9010013
Chicago/Turabian StyleKausar, Ayesha. 2023. "Avant-Garde Polymer and Nano-Graphite-Derived Nanocomposites—Versatility and Implications" C 9, no. 1: 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/c9010013