Coccidioidomycosis Osteoarticular Dissemination
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Extrapulmonary Coccidioidomycosis
4. Risk Factors for Extrapulmonary Coccidioidomycosis
5. Osteoarticular Coccidioidomycosis
5.1. Clinical Reports
5.2. Diagnosis
5.3. Management of Osteoarticular Coccidioidomycosis
5.4. Animal Studies
5.5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site Dissemination Frequency | Frequency of Multisite Infection | |
---|---|---|
Central nervous system | 34.3% | 19.7% |
Blood | 21.3% | 6.8% |
Skeletal-axial | 16.9% | 20.0% |
Skeletal-peripheral | 15.5% | 18.8% |
Soft tissue | 7.2% | 0.0% |
Skin | 7.7% | 5.9% |
Gastrointestinal tract | 2.4% | 0.0% |
Genitourinary tract | 1.4% | 0.0% |
Heart | 0.5% | 0.0% |
Variables | Vertebral Coccidioidomycosis | Pyogenic Spondylitis | Tuberculous Spondylitis | Spinal Metastasis |
---|---|---|---|---|
Location on the spine | Thoracic and lumbar | Thoracic and lumbar | Thoracic | Thoracic and lumbar (and rarely cervical) |
Associated microorganisms | Coccidioides spp. | Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococci, Enterococci, Escherichia coli, etc. | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | No microorganisms associated |
Route of spread | Hematogenous | Hematogenous arterial route, direct inoculation from surgery. | Venous, Batson’s paravertebral venous plexus | Venous hematogenous (the most common route), arterial, direct tumor extension, and lymphatic |
Vertebral bodies | >1 | Few vertebral bodies involved | >1 | Few vertebral bodies involved (some rare cases showed > 5 vertebrae involved on the cervical spine |
ESP, CRP * | Mildly increased | Markedly increased | Mildly increased | Mildly increased |
Variables | Itraconazole | Fluconazole | Posaconazole | Amphotericin B |
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Moni, B.M.; Wise, B.L.; Loots, G.G.; Weilhammer, D.R. Coccidioidomycosis Osteoarticular Dissemination. J. Fungi 2023, 9, 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9101002
Moni BM, Wise BL, Loots GG, Weilhammer DR. Coccidioidomycosis Osteoarticular Dissemination. Journal of Fungi. 2023; 9(10):1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9101002
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoni, Benedicte M., Barton L. Wise, Gabriela G. Loots, and Dina R. Weilhammer. 2023. "Coccidioidomycosis Osteoarticular Dissemination" Journal of Fungi 9, no. 10: 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9101002