T-2 Toxin Induces Apoptotic Cell Death and Protective Autophagy in Mouse Microglia BV2 Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Cell Culture
2.3. Measurement of Cell Viability
2.4. Measurement of Apoptosis
2.5. Measurement of ROS Production and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress
2.6. Measurement of Caspase-3 Activities
2.7. Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Measurement
2.8. mRFP-GFP-LC3 Plasmid Transfection
2.9. Western Blotting
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cytotoxic Effect of T-2 Toxin in BV2 Cells
3.2. T-2 Toxin Induces Apoptotic Cell Death in BV2 Cells
3.3. T-2 Toxin Induces Oxidative Stress in BV2 Cells
3.4. T-2 Toxin Induces Loss of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in BV2 Cells
3.5. T-2 Toxin Treatment Activates Mitochondrial Apoptosis Pathway and Downregulated Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway in BV2 Cells
3.6. T-2 Toxin Treatment Activates Cell Autophagy and Autophagy Plays a Protective Role
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sun, T.; Zhang, Q.; Li, M.; Tang, S.; Dai, C. T-2 Toxin Induces Apoptotic Cell Death and Protective Autophagy in Mouse Microglia BV2 Cells. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 761. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080761
Sun T, Zhang Q, Li M, Tang S, Dai C. T-2 Toxin Induces Apoptotic Cell Death and Protective Autophagy in Mouse Microglia BV2 Cells. Journal of Fungi. 2022; 8(8):761. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080761
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Tun, Qinzhi Zhang, Meng Li, Shusheng Tang, and Chongshan Dai. 2022. "T-2 Toxin Induces Apoptotic Cell Death and Protective Autophagy in Mouse Microglia BV2 Cells" Journal of Fungi 8, no. 8: 761. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080761