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Article

Tomato Xylem Sap Hydrophobins Vdh4 and Vdh5 Are Important for Late Stages of Verticillium dahliae Plant Infection

by
Isabel Maurus
1,
Miriam Leonard
1,
Alexandra Nagel
1,
Jessica Starke
1,
James W. Kronstad
2,
Rebekka Harting
1,* and
Gerhard H. Braus
1,*
1
Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
2
Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Fungi 2022, 8(12), 1252; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8121252
Submission received: 20 October 2022 / Revised: 22 November 2022 / Accepted: 24 November 2022 / Published: 27 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)
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Abstract

Verticillium dahliae causes economic losses to a wide range of crops as a vascular fungal pathogen. This filamentous ascomycete spends long periods of its life cycle in the plant xylem, a unique environment that requires adaptive processes. Specifically, fungal proteins produced in the xylem sap of the plant host may play important roles in colonizing the plant vasculature and in inducing disease symptoms. RNA sequencing revealed over 1500 fungal transcripts that are significantly more abundant in cells grown in tomato xylem sap compared with pectin-rich medium. Of the 85 genes that are strongly induced in the xylem sap, four genes encode the hydrophobins Vdh1, Vdh2, Vdh4 and Vdh5. Vdh4 and Vhd5 are structurally distinct from each other and from the three other hydrophobins (Vdh1-3) annotated in V. dahliae JR2. Their functions in the life cycle and virulence of V. dahliae were explored using genetics, cell biology and plant infection experiments. Our data revealed that Vdh4 and Vdh5 are dispensable for V. dahliae development and stress response, while both contribute to full disease development in tomato plants by acting at later colonization stages. We conclude that Vdh4 and Vdh5 are functionally specialized fungal hydrophobins that support pathogenicity against plants.
Keywords: hydrophobin; RNA sequencing; Verticillium dahliae; virulence hydrophobin; RNA sequencing; Verticillium dahliae; virulence

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MDPI and ACS Style

Maurus, I.; Leonard, M.; Nagel, A.; Starke, J.; Kronstad, J.W.; Harting, R.; Braus, G.H. Tomato Xylem Sap Hydrophobins Vdh4 and Vdh5 Are Important for Late Stages of Verticillium dahliae Plant Infection. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 1252. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8121252

AMA Style

Maurus I, Leonard M, Nagel A, Starke J, Kronstad JW, Harting R, Braus GH. Tomato Xylem Sap Hydrophobins Vdh4 and Vdh5 Are Important for Late Stages of Verticillium dahliae Plant Infection. Journal of Fungi. 2022; 8(12):1252. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8121252

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maurus, Isabel, Miriam Leonard, Alexandra Nagel, Jessica Starke, James W. Kronstad, Rebekka Harting, and Gerhard H. Braus. 2022. "Tomato Xylem Sap Hydrophobins Vdh4 and Vdh5 Are Important for Late Stages of Verticillium dahliae Plant Infection" Journal of Fungi 8, no. 12: 1252. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8121252

APA Style

Maurus, I., Leonard, M., Nagel, A., Starke, J., Kronstad, J. W., Harting, R., & Braus, G. H. (2022). Tomato Xylem Sap Hydrophobins Vdh4 and Vdh5 Are Important for Late Stages of Verticillium dahliae Plant Infection. Journal of Fungi, 8(12), 1252. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8121252

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