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Review

In Vitro Systems for Toxicity Evaluation of Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds on Humans: Current Status and Trends

by
Kustrim Cerimi
1,*,
Udo Jäckel
1,
Vera Meyer
2,
Ugarit Daher
3,
Jessica Reinert
1 and
Stefanie Klar
1
1
Unit 4.7 Biological Agents, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstraße 40–42, 10317 Berlin, Germany
2
Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
3
BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), BIH Stem Cell Core Facility, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Fungi 2022, 8(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8010075
Submission received: 3 December 2021 / Revised: 5 January 2022 / Accepted: 10 January 2022 / Published: 13 January 2022
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Abstract

Microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOC) are metabolic products and by-products of bacteria and fungi. They play an important role in the biosphere: They are responsible for inter- and intra-species communication and can positively or negatively affect growth in plants. But they can also cause discomfort and disease symptoms in humans. Although a link between mVOCs and respiratory health symptoms in humans has been demonstrated by numerous studies, standardized test systems for evaluating the toxicity of mVOCs are currently not available. Also, mVOCs are not considered systematically at regulatory level. We therefore performed a literature survey of existing in vitro exposure systems and lung models in order to summarize the state-of-the-art and discuss their suitability for understanding the potential toxic effects of mVOCs on human health. We present a review of submerged cultivation, air-liquid-interface (ALI), spheroids and organoids as well as multi-organ approaches and compare their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, we discuss the limitations of mVOC fingerprinting. However, given the most recent developments in the field, we expect that there will soon be adequate models of the human respiratory tract and its response to mVOCs.
Keywords: respiratory health; In vitro toxicology; microbial volatile organic compounds; in vitro exposure system; organoids; fingerprinting respiratory health; In vitro toxicology; microbial volatile organic compounds; in vitro exposure system; organoids; fingerprinting

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MDPI and ACS Style

Cerimi, K.; Jäckel, U.; Meyer, V.; Daher, U.; Reinert, J.; Klar, S. In Vitro Systems for Toxicity Evaluation of Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds on Humans: Current Status and Trends. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8010075

AMA Style

Cerimi K, Jäckel U, Meyer V, Daher U, Reinert J, Klar S. In Vitro Systems for Toxicity Evaluation of Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds on Humans: Current Status and Trends. Journal of Fungi. 2022; 8(1):75. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8010075

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cerimi, Kustrim, Udo Jäckel, Vera Meyer, Ugarit Daher, Jessica Reinert, and Stefanie Klar. 2022. "In Vitro Systems for Toxicity Evaluation of Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds on Humans: Current Status and Trends" Journal of Fungi 8, no. 1: 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8010075

APA Style

Cerimi, K., Jäckel, U., Meyer, V., Daher, U., Reinert, J., & Klar, S. (2022). In Vitro Systems for Toxicity Evaluation of Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds on Humans: Current Status and Trends. Journal of Fungi, 8(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8010075

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