Vulvovaginal Candidosis: Current Concepts, Challenges and Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Epidemiology
3. Pathogenesis
3.1. The Role of Enzymes
3.2. From Colonization to Infection
4. Virulence Factors
4.1. Immunologic Factors
4.2. Hormonal Factors
4.3. Metabolic Factors
4.4. Lifestyle Factors
4.5. Other Exogenous Factors
5. Biofilm Formation
6. Diagnostic Work-Up
7. Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Symptomatic Women | Asymptomatic Women | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Year of Study | Methods Used | Cases | VVC (%) | Cases | Colonized (%) |
Australia | 2003–2004 | questionnaire + microscopy + culture | 342 | 42.7 | - | - |
Austria | 2000–2004 | microscopy + culture | 10,463 | 30.5 | - | - |
Brazil | 2002 | microscopy + culture | 23 | 43.5 | 112 | 14.3 |
2005–2007 | culture | 121 | 47.9 | 165 | 17.0 | |
Greece | 2002–2004 | microscopy + culture | 4743 | 12.1 | - | - |
India | 2003–2004 | culture | 601 | 18.5 | - | - |
- | culture | 1050 | 20.4 | - | - | |
2011–2012 | microscopy | 300 | 17.7 | - | - | |
Israel | - | microscopy + culture | 208 | 35.5 | 100 | 15.0 |
Italy | 1996–2005 | microscopy + culture | 13,014 | 19.5 | 11,551 | 11.6 |
Jamaica | - | unknown | 422 | 29.6 | - | - |
Nigeria | - | culture | 902 | 57.3 | - | - |
Tunisia | 2006–2008 | either microscopy or culture | 481 | 48.0 | - | - |
Turkey | 2004–2005 | culture | 569 | 42.2 | - | - |
Overall | 33,239 | 24.3 | 11,928 | 11.7 |
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Sustr, V.; Foessleitner, P.; Kiss, H.; Farr, A. Vulvovaginal Candidosis: Current Concepts, Challenges and Perspectives. J. Fungi 2020, 6, 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040267
Sustr V, Foessleitner P, Kiss H, Farr A. Vulvovaginal Candidosis: Current Concepts, Challenges and Perspectives. Journal of Fungi. 2020; 6(4):267. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040267
Chicago/Turabian StyleSustr, Valentina, Philipp Foessleitner, Herbert Kiss, and Alex Farr. 2020. "Vulvovaginal Candidosis: Current Concepts, Challenges and Perspectives" Journal of Fungi 6, no. 4: 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040267
APA StyleSustr, V., Foessleitner, P., Kiss, H., & Farr, A. (2020). Vulvovaginal Candidosis: Current Concepts, Challenges and Perspectives. Journal of Fungi, 6(4), 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040267