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Volume 13
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10.3390/jcdd13010050
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Article

The Impact of Frailty on Left Ventricle Mass and Geometry in Elderly Patients with Normal Ejection Fraction: A STROBE-Compliant Cross-Sectional Study

by
Stanisław Wawrzyniak
1,
Ewa Wołoszyn-Horák
2,
Julia Cieśla
1,3,
Marcin Schulz
3,
Michał Krawiec
1,3,
Michał Janik
1,3,
Paweł Wojciechowski
3,
Iga Dajnowska
3,
Dominika Szablewska
3,
Jakub Bartoszek
3,
Joanna Katarzyna Strzelczyk
4,
Michal M. Masternak
5,6 and
Andrzej Tomasik
7,*
1
Doctoral School, Medical University of Silesia, Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
2
Department of Cardiology, Specialist Hospital in Zabrze, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
3
Students’ Scientific Group at the II Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
4
Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia; 40-055 Katowice, Poland
5
Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
6
Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
7
II Department of Cardiology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2026, 13(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd13010050 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 20 December 2025 / Revised: 14 January 2026 / Accepted: 14 January 2026 / Published: 16 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Basic and Translational Cardiovascular Research)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background: There exists some inconsistent evidence on the relationship between altered cardiac morphology, its function, and frailty. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the associations among frailty, lean body mass, central arterial stiffness, and cardiac structure and geometry in older people with a normal ejection fraction. Methods: A total of 205 patients >65 years were enrolled into this ancillary analysis of the FRAPICA study and were assessed for frailty with the Fried phenotype scale. Left ventricular dimensions and geometry were assessed with two-dimensional echocardiography. Fat-free mass was measured using three-site skinfold method. Parametric and non-parametric statistics and analysis of covariance were used for statistical calculations. Results: Frail patients were older and women comprised the majority of the frail group. Frail men and women had comparable weight, height, fat-free mass, blood pressure, central blood pressure, and carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity to their non-frail counterparts. There was a linear correlation between the sum of frailty criteria and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (Spearman R = −0.17; p < 0.05) and relative wall thickness (Spearman R = 0.23; p < 0.05). In the analysis of covariance, frailty and gender were independently associated with left ventricular mass (gender: β of −0.37 and 95% CI of −0.50–−0.24 at p < 0.001), the left ventricular mass index (gender: β of −0.23 and 95% CI of −0.37–−0.09 at p < 0.001), and relative wall thickness (frailty: β of −0.15 and 95% CI of −0.29–−0.01 at p < 0.05; gender: β of 0.23 and 95% CI of 0.09–0.36 at p < 0.01). Frailty was associated with a shift in heart remodeling toward concentric remodeling/hypertrophy. Conclusions: Frailty is independently associated with thickening of the left ventricular walls and a diminished left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, which are features of concentric remodeling or hypertrophy. This association appears to be more pronounced in women. Such adverse cardiac remodeling may represent another phenotypic feature linked to frailty according to the phenotype frailty criteria.
Keywords: frailty; frailty phenotype criteria; left ventricular mass; left ventricular geometry; left ventricular remodeling; concentric hypertrophy; concentric remodeling; relative wall thickness, mechanistic frailty; frailty phenotype criteria; left ventricular mass; left ventricular geometry; left ventricular remodeling; concentric hypertrophy; concentric remodeling; relative wall thickness, mechanistic

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wawrzyniak, S.; Wołoszyn-Horák, E.; Cieśla, J.; Schulz, M.; Krawiec, M.; Janik, M.; Wojciechowski, P.; Dajnowska, I.; Szablewska, D.; Bartoszek, J.; et al. The Impact of Frailty on Left Ventricle Mass and Geometry in Elderly Patients with Normal Ejection Fraction: A STROBE-Compliant Cross-Sectional Study. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2026, 13, 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd13010050

AMA Style

Wawrzyniak S, Wołoszyn-Horák E, Cieśla J, Schulz M, Krawiec M, Janik M, Wojciechowski P, Dajnowska I, Szablewska D, Bartoszek J, et al. The Impact of Frailty on Left Ventricle Mass and Geometry in Elderly Patients with Normal Ejection Fraction: A STROBE-Compliant Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease. 2026; 13(1):50. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd13010050

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wawrzyniak, Stanisław, Ewa Wołoszyn-Horák, Julia Cieśla, Marcin Schulz, Michał Krawiec, Michał Janik, Paweł Wojciechowski, Iga Dajnowska, Dominika Szablewska, Jakub Bartoszek, and et al. 2026. "The Impact of Frailty on Left Ventricle Mass and Geometry in Elderly Patients with Normal Ejection Fraction: A STROBE-Compliant Cross-Sectional Study" Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 13, no. 1: 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd13010050

APA Style

Wawrzyniak, S., Wołoszyn-Horák, E., Cieśla, J., Schulz, M., Krawiec, M., Janik, M., Wojciechowski, P., Dajnowska, I., Szablewska, D., Bartoszek, J., Strzelczyk, J. K., Masternak, M. M., & Tomasik, A. (2026). The Impact of Frailty on Left Ventricle Mass and Geometry in Elderly Patients with Normal Ejection Fraction: A STROBE-Compliant Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 13(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd13010050

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