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Volume 12
Issue 7
10.3390/jcdd12070249
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Review

Role of Computed Tomography and Other Non-Invasive and Invasive Imaging Modalities in Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy

by
Siddhant Passey
1,2,
Jagriti Jha
3,
Nirav Patel
4,
Vincent Lipari
4,
Saurabh Joshi
4,
Raymond McKay
4,
Joseph Radojevic
4 and
Joseph Ingrassia
4,*
1
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
2
Department of Internal Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
3
Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
4
Department of Cardiology, Hartford Healthcare Heart and Vascular Institute, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2025, 12(7), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd12070249 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 16 March 2025 / Revised: 15 June 2025 / Accepted: 24 June 2025 / Published: 27 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cardiovascular Imaging—Computed Tomography (CT) Focus Issue)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a leading cause of allograft dysfunction and failure. CAV prevention, early detection, and management are essential to increasing allograft survival. In this comprehensive review, we discuss various invasive and non-invasive modalities that are being utilized for CAV detection. Invasive coronary angiography provides a visualization of vascular anatomy but is limited in detecting the microvasculature and diffuse and early structural changes. The addition of intracoronary assessment techniques, including intravascular ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, and coronary flow reserve assessment, offer(s) superior sensitivity in identifying CAV. Non-invasive imaging modalities, such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography angiography, and positron emission tomography, provide complementary insights into CAV with myocardial perfusion and allograft function while reducing procedural risks. Our aim is to guide clinicians in selecting appropriate imaging strategies tailored to individual recipients, to improve detection, monitoring, and outcomes in CAV.
Keywords: coronary allograft vasculopathy; invasive coronary angiography; coronary computed tomography angiography; nuclear imaging; intravascular imaging coronary allograft vasculopathy; invasive coronary angiography; coronary computed tomography angiography; nuclear imaging; intravascular imaging

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MDPI and ACS Style

Passey, S.; Jha, J.; Patel, N.; Lipari, V.; Joshi, S.; McKay, R.; Radojevic, J.; Ingrassia, J. Role of Computed Tomography and Other Non-Invasive and Invasive Imaging Modalities in Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2025, 12, 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd12070249

AMA Style

Passey S, Jha J, Patel N, Lipari V, Joshi S, McKay R, Radojevic J, Ingrassia J. Role of Computed Tomography and Other Non-Invasive and Invasive Imaging Modalities in Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease. 2025; 12(7):249. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd12070249

Chicago/Turabian Style

Passey, Siddhant, Jagriti Jha, Nirav Patel, Vincent Lipari, Saurabh Joshi, Raymond McKay, Joseph Radojevic, and Joseph Ingrassia. 2025. "Role of Computed Tomography and Other Non-Invasive and Invasive Imaging Modalities in Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy" Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 12, no. 7: 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd12070249

APA Style

Passey, S., Jha, J., Patel, N., Lipari, V., Joshi, S., McKay, R., Radojevic, J., & Ingrassia, J. (2025). Role of Computed Tomography and Other Non-Invasive and Invasive Imaging Modalities in Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 12(7), 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd12070249

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