Long-Term Prognostic Impact of Three-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography-Derived Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain in Healthy Adults—Insights from the MAGYAR-Healthy Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Follow-Up
2.3. Two-Dimensional Doppler Echocardiography
2.4. Three-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Clinical and Demographic Data
3.2. Events
3.3. Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain
3.4. Two-Dimensional Echocardiography
3.5. Three-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography
3.6. Multivariable Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Limitation Section
- The purpose of the present study was only to assess the prognostic significance of 3DSTE-derived LV-GLS. The evaluation of other LV volumetric or functional parameters and that of other heart chambers were not aimed to be assessed.
- Only in the case of sinus rhythm can a 3DSTE examination be performed, which in the present study was not a problem, as we were examining only healthy subjects.
- The 3DSTE method underestimates LV volumetric parameters and LV-EDV is more affected than LV-ESV, which can explain lower LV-EF values [18]. Additionally, lower 3DSTE-derived volumes could have an impact on LV-GLS measurements as well.
- There were subjects who were missing in some experiments.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Lang, R.M.; Badano, L.P.; Mor-Avi, V.; Afilalo, J.; Armstrong, A.; Ernande, L.; Flachskampf, F.A.; Foster, E.; Goldstein, S.A.; Kuznetsova, T.; et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: An update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging 2015, 16, 233–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liang, M.; Bian, B.; Yang, Q. Characteristics and long-term prognosis of patients with reduced, mid-range, and preserved ejection fraction: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Cardiol. 2022, 45, 5–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nemes, A.; Forster, T. Recent echocardiographic examination of the left ventricle—From M-mode to 3D speckle-tracking imaging. Orv. Hetil. 2015, 156, 1723–1740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mureddu, G.F.; Faggiano, A. Utility and limitations of ejection fraction and of diastolic dysfunction in heart failure patients. Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis. 2019, 89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Narang, A.; Addetia, K. An introduction to left ventricular strain. Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 2018, 33, 455–463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sugimoto, T.; Dulgheru, R.; Bernard, A.; Ilardi, F.; Contu, L.; Addetia, K.; Caballero, L.; Akhaladze, N.; Athanassopoulos, G.D.; Barone, D.; et al. Echocardiographic reference ranges for normal left ventricular 2D strain: Results from the EACVI NORRE study. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging 2017, 18, 833–840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mignot, A.; Donal, E.; Zaroui, A.; Reant, P.; Salem, A.; Hamon, C.; Monzy, S.; Roudaut, R.; Habib, G.; Lafitte, S. Global longitudinal strain as a major predictor of cardiac events in patients with depressed left ventricular function: A multicenter study. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2010, 23, 1019–1024. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ammar, K.A.; Paterick, T.E.; Khandheria, B.K.; Jan, M.F.; Kramer, C.; Umland, M.M.; Tercius, A.J.; Baratta, L.; Tajik, A.J. Myocardial mechanics: Understanding and applying three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in clinical practice. Echocardiography 2012, 29, 861–872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Urbano-Moral, J.A.; Patel, A.R.; Maron, M.S.; Arias-Godinez, J.A.; Pandian, N.G. Three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography: Methodological aspects and clinical potential. Echocardiography 2012, 29, 997–1010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Muraru, D.; Niero, A.; Rodriguez-Zanella, H.; Cherata, D.; Badano, L. Three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography: Benefits and limitations of integrating myocardial mechanics with three-dimensional imaging. Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther. 2018, 8, 101–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gao, L.; Lin, Y.; Ji, M.; Wu, W.; Li, H.; Qian, M.; Zhang, L.; Xie, M.; Li, Y. Clinical Utility of Three-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in Heart Failure. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 6307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Franke, A.; Kuhl, H.P. Second-generation real-time 3D echo cardiography: A revolutionary new technology. MedicaMundi 2003, 47, 34–40. [Google Scholar]
- Földeák, D.; Kormányos, Á.; Nemes, A. Prognostic role of three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography-derived left ventricular global longitudinal strain in cardiac amyloidosis: Insights from the MAGYAR-Path Study. J. Clin. Ultrasound 2023, 51, 952–959. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Al Saikhan, L.; Park, C.; Tillin, T.; Jones, S.; Mayet, J.; Chaturvedi, N.; Hughes, A. Does 3D-speckle tracking echocardiography improve prediction of major cardiovascular events in a multi-ethnic general population? A Southall and Brent Revisited (SABRE) cohort study. PLoS ONE 2023, 18, e0287173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Iwahashi, N.; Horii, M.; Kirigaya, J.; Abe, T.; Gohbara, M.; Toya, N.; Hanajima, Y.; Takahashi, H.; Minamimoto, Y.; Kimura, Y.; et al. Clinical Usefulness of the Serial Examination of Three-Dimensional Global Longitudinal Strain After the Onset of ST-Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circ. J. 2022, 86, 611–619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, X.Y.; Yang, Q.M.; Fang, J.X.; Guo, H.F. The Value of Three-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in the Prediction of Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Hypertension Complicated by Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study. Int. J. Gen. Med. 2021, 14, 6703–6712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Iwahashi, N.; Kirigaya, J.; Gohbara, M.; Abe, T.; Horii, M.; Hanajima, Y.; Toya, N.; Takahashi, H.; Minamimoto, Y.; Kimura, Y.; et al. Global Strain Measured by Three-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography Is a Useful Predictor for 10-Year Prognosis After a First ST-Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circ. J. 2021, 85, 1735–1743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kormányos, Á.; Kalapos, A.; Domsik, P.; Gyenes, N.; Lengyel, C.; Nemes, A. Normal reference values of left ventricular volumetric parameters in healthy adults—Real-life single-center experience from the three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiographic MAGYAR-Healthy Study. Quant. Imaging Med. Surg. 2021, 11, 1496–1503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
All Subjects | LV-GLS ≥ 14.77% | LV-GLS < 14.77% | No Event | Event | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of patients | 124 | 84 (68) | 40 (32) | 114 (92) | 10 (8) |
Males (%) | 64 (52) | 40 (48) | 24 (60) | 58 (51) | 6 (60) |
Age (years) | 31.0 ± 11.7 | 29.6 ± 10.5 | 33.9 ± 13.6 | 29.4 ± 9.7 | 49.9 ± 16.2 † |
Two-dimensional echocardiography | |||||
LV-EDD (mm) | 48.1 ± 3.7 | 47.9 ± 3.6 | 48.7 ± 3.8 | 48.0 ± 3.7 | 49.3 ± 3.0 |
LV-EDV (mL) | 105.9 ± 21.8 | 102.9 ± 21.4 | 112.3 ± 21.5 * | 105.4 ± 22.1 | 112.4 ± 16.8 |
LV-ESD (mm) | 31.7 ± 3.2 | 31.3 ± 3.1 | 32.5 ± 3.4 * | 31.7 ± 3.4 | 31.9 ± 1.4 |
LV-ESV (mL) | 35.6 ± 8.7 | 33.8 ± 8.3 | 39.6 ± 8.4 * | 35.4 ± 8.9 | 38.9 ± 5.0 |
IVS (mm) | 9.0 ± 1.6 | 8.9 ± 1.6 | 9.2 ± 1.5 | 8.9 ± 1.6 | 10.1 ± 1.7 † |
LV-PW (mm) | 9.0 ± 1.7 | 9.0 ± 1.8 | 9.1 ± 1.4 | 9.0 ± 1.7 | 10.0 ± 1.4 |
LV-EF (%) | 66.4 ± 5.3 | 67.4 ± 4.9 | 64.4 ± 5.6 * | 66.5 ± 5.3 | 65.0 ± 4.3 |
Three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography | |||||
LV-EDV (mL) | 86.1 ± 23.4 | 86.4 ± 24.3 | 85.5 ± 21.6 | 85.9 ± 23.3 | 88.4 ± 24.8 |
LV-EDV/BSA (mL/m2) | 46.5 ± 13.2 | 46.4 ± 13.5 | 46.2 ± 11.0 | 46.0 ± 13.1 | 47.5 ± 13.8 |
LV-ESV (mL) | 36.5 ± 10.0 | 36.2 ± 9.8 | 36.9 ± 10.5 | 36.3 ± 9.7 | 38.8 ± 13.2 |
LV-ESV/BSA (mL/m2) | 19.8 ± 6.0 | 19.6 ± 6.2 | 20.0 ± 6.8 | 19.6 ± 6.3 | 21.0 ± 7.1 |
LV-EF (%) | 57.9 ± 5.1 | 58.5 ± 4.8 | 56.7 ± 5.6 | 58.0 ± 5.0 | 56.4 ± 5.7 |
LV-mass (g) | 160.2 ± 30.2 | 157.3 ± 29.4 | 166.2 ± 31.5 | 158.6 ± 29.2 | 177.5 ± 38.0 † |
LV-GLS (%) | 16.1 ± 2.3 | 17.3 ± 1.7 | 13.6 ± 0.9 * | 16.2 ± 2.3 | 14.3 ± 1.5 † |
Pts with LV-GLS < 14.77% | 55 (44) | 0 (0) | 55 (100) * | 33 (29) | 7 (70) † |
Events | |||||
Pts with events (%) | 10 (8) | 3 (4) | 7 (18) * | 0 (0) | 10 (100) † |
Pts with death (%) | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | 2 (5) | 0 (0) | 2 (20) † |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Nemes, A.; Kormányos, Á.; Olajos, D.L.; Achim, A.; Ruzsa, Z.; Ambrus, N.; Lengyel, C. Long-Term Prognostic Impact of Three-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography-Derived Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain in Healthy Adults—Insights from the MAGYAR-Healthy Study. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2024, 11, 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11080237
Nemes A, Kormányos Á, Olajos DL, Achim A, Ruzsa Z, Ambrus N, Lengyel C. Long-Term Prognostic Impact of Three-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography-Derived Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain in Healthy Adults—Insights from the MAGYAR-Healthy Study. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease. 2024; 11(8):237. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11080237
Chicago/Turabian StyleNemes, Attila, Árpád Kormányos, Dorottya Lilla Olajos, Alexandru Achim, Zoltán Ruzsa, Nóra Ambrus, and Csaba Lengyel. 2024. "Long-Term Prognostic Impact of Three-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography-Derived Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain in Healthy Adults—Insights from the MAGYAR-Healthy Study" Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 11, no. 8: 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11080237
APA StyleNemes, A., Kormányos, Á., Olajos, D. L., Achim, A., Ruzsa, Z., Ambrus, N., & Lengyel, C. (2024). Long-Term Prognostic Impact of Three-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography-Derived Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain in Healthy Adults—Insights from the MAGYAR-Healthy Study. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 11(8), 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11080237