Association of Alkaline Phosphatase with Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Dyslipidemia: A 6-Year Retrospective Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Study Limitations
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tertiles of Alkaline Phosphatase | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Sample | Low | Middle | High | p | |
N | 1178 | 383 | 398 | 397 | |
Sex (male), % | 44 | 49 | 42 | 43 | NS |
Age, yrs | 57 (49–65) | 55 (47–64) | 57 (51–66) | 58 (49–66) | 0.01 |
Follow-up, years | 6 (4–9) | 5 (3–8) | 5 (4–8) | 8 (5–12) | <0.001 |
Smoking, % | 32 | 40 | 27 | 29 | <0.001 |
Hypertension, % | 61 | 59 | 59 | 64 | NS |
Diabetes, % | 11 | 9 | 11 | 12 | NS |
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseaser, % | 16 | 15 | 15 | 18 | NS |
Chronic kidney disease, % | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 | NS |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 140 (125–150) | 134 (120–150) | 138 (126.5–150) | 140 (130–160) | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 85 (80–93) | 83 (78–91) | 84 (78–90) | 90 (80–95) | <0.001 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 96 (88–106) | 93 (87–103) | 96 (88–106) | 97 (89–109) | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 250 (212–286) | 246 (205–271) | 248 (212–289) | 257 (222–301) | <0.001 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 129 (94–186) | 121 (89–171) | 130.5 (92–189.5) | 137 (100–194) | <0.01 |
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL | 52 (44–62) | 52 (45–63) | 54 (45.5–65) | 50 (42–60) | <0.001 |
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL | 166.2 (131.8–195.4) | 161 (125.5–187.7) | 164.3 (130–193.2) | 173 (141–207.6) | <0.001 |
Alkaline Phosphatase, IU/L | 67 (54–90) | 50 (44–54) | 67 (63–72) | 112 (90–169) | <0.001 |
Lipid-lowering therapy, % | 23 | 26 | 24 | 18 | <0.05 |
Statin Therapy, % | 21 | 23 | 23 | 17 | 0.053 |
Moderate Intensity, % | 13 | 13 | 15 | 11 | NS |
High Intensity, % | 8 | 10 | 8 | 5 | NS |
Ezetimibe, % | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | NS |
Fibrates, % | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | NS |
Omega-3 fatty acids, % | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | NS |
Antihypertensive therapy, % | 46 | 44 | 45 | 48 | NS |
Antidiabetic therapy, % | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | NS |
Total Study Participants | |||
---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
Alkaline Phosphatase (continuous variable) * Alkaline Phosphatase tertiles | 8.67 (3.21–23.38), p <0.001 | 9.10 (3.22–25.75), p <0.001 | 6.99 (2.29–21.03), p = 0.001 |
Low | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Middle | 1.15 (0.58–2.27), p = 0.687 | 1.13 (0.57–2.25), p = 0.725 | 1.19 (0.59–2.39), p = 0.621 |
High | 2.79 (1.54–5.04), p = 0.001 | 2.72 (1.49–4.98), p = 0.001 | 2.35 (1.24–4.41), p = 0.008 |
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Adamidis, P.S.; Florentin, M.; Liberopoulos, E.; Koutsogianni, A.D.; Anastasiou, G.; Liamis, G.; Milionis, H.; Barkas, F. Association of Alkaline Phosphatase with Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Dyslipidemia: A 6-Year Retrospective Study. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2024, 11, 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11020060
Adamidis PS, Florentin M, Liberopoulos E, Koutsogianni AD, Anastasiou G, Liamis G, Milionis H, Barkas F. Association of Alkaline Phosphatase with Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Dyslipidemia: A 6-Year Retrospective Study. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease. 2024; 11(2):60. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11020060
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdamidis, Petros Spyridonas, Matilda Florentin, Evangelos Liberopoulos, Amalia Despoina Koutsogianni, Georgia Anastasiou, George Liamis, Haralampos Milionis, and Fotios Barkas. 2024. "Association of Alkaline Phosphatase with Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Dyslipidemia: A 6-Year Retrospective Study" Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 11, no. 2: 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11020060