Instability of Healthy Overweight and Obesity Phenotypes over the Long Term in Young Participants in the HARVEST Study: Influence of Sex
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Assessment of Lifestyle Factors
2.4. Combined BMI and Metabolic Status Definition
2.5. Follow-Up
2.6. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Reproducibility of Metabolically Healthy Status
3.2. Logistic Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Study Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Metabolically Healthy | Metabolically Unhealthy | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI <25 kg/m2 N = 132 | BMI ≥25 kg/m2 N = 91 | BMI <25 kg/m2 N = 332 | BMI ≥25 kg/m2 N = 415 | p-Value | ||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Met-G | BMI-G | |
Age, years | 31.9 | 8.8 | 33.8 | 7.3 | 35.4 | 8.1 | 35.4 | 8.1 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * |
BMI, kg/m2 | 22.3 | 1.8 | 27.8 | 2.3 | 23.0 | 1.5 | 27.9 | 2.5 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
Office SBP, mmHg | 143.6 | 10.2 | 144.1 | 10.0 | 146.1 | 10.4 | 146.1 | 10.4 | 0.008 | 0.96 |
Office DBP, mmHg | 92.5 | 5.4 | 93.7 | 5.3 | 94.7 | 5.3 | 94.7 | 5.3 | 0.029 | 0.001 |
Heart rate, bpm | 76.2 | 10.1 | 74.7 | 9.8 | 74.5 | 9.1 | 74.5 | 9.1 | 0.59 | 0.28 |
24-h SBP, mmHg | 121.3 | 7.1 | 122.4 | 5.6 | 133.1 | 9.9 | 133.1 | 9.9 | <0.001 | 0.72 |
24-h DBP, mmHg | 78.1 | 7.4 | 80.2 | 6.3 | 82.9 | 7.5 | 82.9 | 7.5 | <0.001 | 0.009 |
Total chol, mg/dL | 194.0 | 38.7 | 199.1 | 33.8 | 192.7 | 35.1 | 206.3 | 40.7 | 0.57 | 0.003 |
HDL-chol, mg/dL | 60.6 | 12.3 | 54.4 | 10.2 | 48.2 | 12.6 | 48.2 | 12.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL (median, IGR) | 79.0 | 57.0–100.0 | 90.0 | 62.0–117.0 | 86.1 | 73.0–101.5 | 115.0 | 90.0–166.7 | <0.001 † | <0.001 † |
Glucose, mg/dL | 87.7 | 7.6 | 90. | 6.6 | 97.4 | 13.2 | 97.4 | 13.2 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
Sex, male | 53.0% | ----- | 76.9% | ----- | 67.5% | ----- | 81.9% | ----- | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Alcohol use, yes | 34.1% | ----- | 47.3% | ----- | 45.8% | ----- | 54.9% | ----- | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Coffee use, yes | 66.7% | ----- | 75.8% | ----- | 69.6% | ----- | 79.3% | ----- | 0.17 | <0.001 |
Physical activity, no | 59.1% | ----- | 59.3% | ----- | 63.3% | ----- | 67.2% | ----- | 0.26 | 0.13 |
Smoking, yes | 14.4% | ----- | 14.3% | ----- | 21.1% | ----- | 23.1% | ----- | 0.010 | 0.36 |
Variable | Metabolically Healthy | Metabolically Unhealthy | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI <25 kg/m2 N = 99 | BMI ≥25 kg/m2 N = 91 | BMI <25 kg/m2 N = 274 | BMI ≥25 kg/m2 N = 506 | p-Value versus Baseline for the Whole Sample | |||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Age, years | 41.1 | 9.1 | 41.6 | 9.0 | 40.2 | 9.1 | 41.7 | 8.7 | <0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 22.3 | 1.8 | 27.8 | 2.6 | 23.1 | 1.4 | 28.4 | 2.7 | <0.001 |
Office SBP, mmHg | 133.2 | 13.8 | 138.3 | 12.7 | 143.8 | 13.8 | 146.0 | 13.8 | <0.001 |
Office DBP, mmHg | 88.1 | 8.3 | 92.5 | 9.0 | 94.0 | 9.6 | 95.0 | 9.3 | 0.89 |
Heart rate, bpm | 70.0 | 9.2 | 71.3 | 9.0 | 71.4 | 9.4 | 71.7 | 9.1 | <0.001 |
24-h SBP, mmHg | 122.1 | 6.3 | 122.8 | 5.4 | 135.6 | 10.5 | 135.6 | 11.0 | <0.001 |
24-h DBP, mmHg | 78.1 | 7.3 | 79.6 | 5.9 | 84.1 | 8.4 | 84.9 | 8.1 | <0.001 |
Total chol, mg/dL | 204.1 | 39.1 | 206.7 | 34.1 | 198.2 | 41.5 | 215.0 | 42.3 | <0.001 |
HDL-chol, mg/dL | 64.9 | 16.7 | 59.7 | 11.9 | 55.8 | 15.6 | 50.2 | 12.6 | <0.001 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL (median, IQR) | 74.0 | 58.0–100.4 | 100.4 | 70.0–134.5 | 86.0 | 65.2–113.0 | 130.0 | 92.0–176.7 | <0.001 * |
Glucose, mg/dL | 88.0 | 6.2 | 89.7 | 6.3 | 95.6 | 15.7 | 97.2 | 13.2 | 0.006 |
Variable | Estimate | Standard Error | Z | p-Value | 95% Confidence Interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||
1 CONSTANT | −10.975 | 4.525 | −2.425 | 0.015 | −19.843 | −2.106 |
Age | −0.028 | 0.021 | −1.302 | 0.193 | −0.070 | 0.014 |
Sex | 0.012 | 0.420 | 0.029 | 0.977 | −0.812 | 0.836 |
Body mass index | 0.101 | 0.050 | 2.033 | 0.042 | 0.004 | 0.198 |
Follow-up time | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.234 | 0.815 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Total cholesterol | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.289 | 0.773 | −0.008 | 0.010 |
HDL-cholesterol | −0.002 | 0.014 | −0.173 | 0.863 | −0.031 | 0.026 |
Triglyceride | −0.003 | 0.006 | −0.536 | 0.592 | −0.015 | 0.009 |
Glucose | 0.032 | 0.021 | 1.511 | 0.131 | −0.009 | 0.073 |
24-h systolic BP | 0.076 | 0.026 | 2.919 | 0.004 | 0.025 | 0.128 |
24-h diastolic BP | −0.020 | 0.025 | −0.797 | 0.425 | −0.069 | 0.029 |
24-h heart rate | 0.005 | 0.020 | 0.227 | 0.821 | −0.035 | 0.044 |
Smoking * | 0.394 | 0.231 | 1.703 | 0.088 | −0.059 | 0.847 |
Coffee use | 0.075 | 0.267 | 0.281 | 0.778 | −0.449 | 0.599 |
Alcohol use | 0.226 | 0.275 | 0.821 | 0.412 | −0.313 | 0.765 |
Physical activity | 0.123 | 0.156 | 0.788 | 0.431 | −0.183 | 0.430 |
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Palatini, P.; Saladini, F.; Mos, L.; Vriz, O.; Ermolao, A.; Battista, F.; Mazzer, A.; Canevari, M.; Rattazzi, M. Instability of Healthy Overweight and Obesity Phenotypes over the Long Term in Young Participants in the HARVEST Study: Influence of Sex. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2024, 11, 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11020047
Palatini P, Saladini F, Mos L, Vriz O, Ermolao A, Battista F, Mazzer A, Canevari M, Rattazzi M. Instability of Healthy Overweight and Obesity Phenotypes over the Long Term in Young Participants in the HARVEST Study: Influence of Sex. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease. 2024; 11(2):47. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11020047
Chicago/Turabian StylePalatini, Paolo, Francesca Saladini, Lucio Mos, Olga Vriz, Andrea Ermolao, Francesca Battista, Adriano Mazzer, Mattia Canevari, and Marcello Rattazzi. 2024. "Instability of Healthy Overweight and Obesity Phenotypes over the Long Term in Young Participants in the HARVEST Study: Influence of Sex" Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 11, no. 2: 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11020047