Essential and Non-Essential Amino Acids in Dogs at Different Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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IRIS 1 (n = 12) | IRIS 2 (n = 16) | IRIS 3 (n = 14) | IRIS 4 (n = 20) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 5.5 ± 2.2 |
Urea (mg/dL) | 63.2 ± 22.1 | 94.9 ± 52.7 | 184.3 ± 43.2 | 203.3 ± 80.4 |
Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.5 ± 3.4 | 9.7 ± 1.2 | 10.1 ± 1.5 | 11.5 ± 1.16 |
Phosphate (mg/dL) | 4.5 ± 1.1 | 4.8 ± 0.9 | 5.1 ± 1.2 | 9.2 ± 4.0 |
CaxP (mg2/dL2) | 46.7 ± 5.6 | 48.4 ± 0.2 | 50.7 ± 11.6 | 103.1 ± 40.8 |
Total protein (g/dL) | 6.5 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.8 | 6.0 ± 0.9 | 6.3 ± 1.0 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 3.4 ± 0.4 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 2.9 ± 0.4 |
Bicarbonate (mmol/L) | 21.0 ± 4.6 | 21.2 ± 4.9 | 22.7 ± 5.0 | 19.1 ± 3.8 |
pH | 7.3 ± 0.0 | 7.3 ± 0.0 | 7.2 ± 0.0 | 7.2 ± 0.0 |
CG (n = 25) | IRIS 1 (n = 12) | IRIS 2 (n = 16) | IRIS 3 (n = 14) | IRIS 4 (n = 20) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EAAs | ||||||
HIS (nmol/mL) | 205.2 ** ± 47.4 | 113.8 * ± 53.2 | 133.1 ± 80.0 | 158.9 ± 68.3 | 121.4 * ± 83.8 | <0.001 |
PHE (nmol/mL) | 12.6 ± 5.1 | 11.5 ± 7.6 | 13.2 ± 7.2 | 14.1 ± 5.9 | 13.63 ± 7.7 | 0.868 |
THR (nmol/mL) | 57.6 ± 20.1 | 36.2 ± 21.5 | 50.0 ± 19.3 | 65.1 ± 28.7 | 48.4 ± 32.2 | 0.05 |
ILE (nmol/mL) | 24.2 ** (12.6–45.4) | 7.8 * (3.2–24.4) | 8.5 * (3.8–38.6) | 11.3 * (2.9–18.2) | 7.18 * (1.3–21.1) | <0.001 |
LEU (nmol/mL) | 10.6 ** (7.7–34.1) | 20.5 (6.4–64.8) | 20.9 * (9.1–43.2) | 25.8 * (5.9–42.1) | 18.10 (2.7–34.0 | <0.001 |
LYS (nmol/mL) | 7.2 ** (3.7–64.0) | 29.7 * (6.6–97.2) | 37.9 * (16.2–102.2) | 59.8 * (13.5–99.7) | 31.7 * (6.3–94.0) | <0.001 |
MET (nmol/mL) | 4.7 (0.3–58.4) | 4.3 (0.9–11.2) | 7.6 (0.2–29.8) | 6.6 (2.8–19.5) | 4.62 (1.1–19.7) | 0.333 |
TRP (nmol/mL) | 48.2 ** (19.6–108.3) | 16.4 * (3.3–38.0) | 16.8 * (7.4–25.0) | 15.6 * (6.2–21.3) | 13.0 * (1.9–28.1) | <0.001 |
VAL (nmol/mL) | 4.8 ** (2.9–14.2) | 23.6 * (8.8–68.5) | 31.0 * (14.0–61.8) | 31.3 * (4.1–60.1) | 20.9 * (1.9–40.7) | <0.001 |
ARG (nmol/mL) | 59.2 (11.4–172.5) | 42.9 ** (11.8–73.1) | 75.5 (25.2–127.8) | 100.2 * (31.2–377.0) | 88.0 * (17.6–348.0) | 0.002 |
NEAAs | ||||||
PRO (nmol/mL) | 11.8 ** ± 13.6 | 37.1 * ± 15.6 | 38.3 * ± 18.0 | 47.3 * ± 15.1 | 32.8 * ± 18.0 | <0.001 |
SER (nmol/mL) | 41.3 ± 14.7 | 25.5 ± 18.0 | 29.3 ± 15.1 | 40.7 ± 17.0 | 29.9 ± 20.0 | 0.002 |
ALA (nmol/mL) | 94.4 ** (56.5–225.9) | 68.0 (21.2–180.7) | 60.2 (38.6–211.2) | 112.1 (20.3–189.8) | 61.4 * (6.9–155.3) | 0.013 |
ASP (nmol/mL) | 1.2 (0.1–5.4) | 1.4 (0.2–5.1) | 1.3 (0.0–7.4) | 3.3 (0.4–7.0) | 2.39 (0.2–5.3) | 0.146 |
CYS (nmol/mL) | 38.9 *** (7.6–73.8) | 3.5 ** (2.1–4.7) | 4.1 * (0.1–8.6) | 4.53 * (3.5–8.1) | 6.52 ** (0.3–17.6) | <0.001 |
GLU (nmol/mL) | 8.7 ** (4.3–20.5) | 15.9 (6.8–71.4) | 18.5 * (4.4–50.3) | 22.5 * (3.3–46.2) | 14.9 (2.1–37.5) | 0.002 |
GLY (nmol/mL) | 48.8 * (28.2–84.3) | 49.1 * (17.3–106.8) | 54.5 (21.3–109.4 | 95.6 ** (29.2–137.5) | 55.8 (7.1–130.4) | 0.010 |
TYR (nmol/mL) | 11.3 (6.2–53.9) | 7.8 (3.4–15.7) | 8.9 (3.6–27.7) | 13.0 (4.0–37.9) | 9.4 (0.1–36.7) | 0.120 |
EAA sum (nmol/mL) | 11,158.7 | 3822.9 | 6534.9 | 7085.6 | 7855.6 | |
median (min-max) | 19.5 (0.3–323.4) | 20.7 (0.0–185.8) | 25.2 (0.0–364.1) | 25.72 (2.89–372.8) | 17.84 (1.1–348.2) | 0.020 |
NEAA sum (nmol/mL) | 6910.5 | 2756.5 | 3940.7 | 4489.6 | 4572.4 | |
median (min-max) | 24.7 (0.1–225.9 | 15.8 (0.2–180.7) | 21.7 (0.0–211.2) | 28.0 (0.4–189.8) | 16.3 (0.1–155.3) | 0.106 |
EAAs | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CaxP | p-Value | Metabolic Acidosis | p-Value | PEW | p-Value | ||||
>70 mg2/dL2 (n = 22) | ≤70 mg2/dL2 (n = 40) | MA (n = 30) | nMA (n = 32) | PEW (n = 11) | nPEW (n = 51) | ||||
HIS (nmol/mL) | 130.8 ± 83.4 | 132.2 ± 70.2 | 0.928 | 163.5 ± 87.6 | 123.8 ± 68.0 | 0.077 | 76.4 ± 56.4 | 143.9 ± 75.1 | 0.006 |
PHE (nmol/mL) | 13.8 ± 7.8 | 12.8± 6.7 | 0.592 | 16.7 ± 7.5 | 12.3 ± 6.6 | 0.035 | 9.4 ± 6.6 | 14.05± 7.0 | 0.049 |
THR (nmol/mL) | 54.3 ± 32.7 | 48.0 ± 24.6 | 0.398 | 58.2 ± 26.0 | 48.1 ± 27.1 | 0.214 | 30.3 ± 26.8 | 54.5 ± 26.1 | 0.007 |
ILE (nmol/mL) | 8.4 (1.3–14.3) | 8.5 (2.9–38.6) | 0.141 | 11.5 (1.3–38.6) | 7.5 (1.6–24.4) | 0.068 | 4.3 (1.3–13.3) | 9.4 (2.9–38.6) | 0.001 |
LEU (nmol/mL) | 22.6 (2.7–40.2) | 20.9 (5.9–64.8) | 0.423 | 28.6 (2.7–43.2) | 20.5 (3.3–64.8) | 0.034 | 9.1 (2.7–33.7) | 22.2 (5.9–64.8) | 0.001 |
LYS (nmol/mL) | 51.2 (6.0–95.0) | 37.9 (6.6–102.2) | 0.791 | 54.7 (6.0–99.0) | 34.4 (6.6–102.2) | 0.159 | 29.3 (6.0–83.1) | 46.8 (6.6–102.2) | 0.014 |
MET (nmol/mL) | 6.6 (1.1–19.7) | 6.0 (0.1–29.8) | 0.724 | 7.3 (0.0–17.6) | 5.11 (0.0–29.8) | 0.682 | 4.1 (1.1–19.5) | 6.8 (0.0–29.8) | 0.064 |
TRP (nmol/mL) | 13.0 (1.9–28.0) | 16.7 (3.3–30.1) | 0.025 | 14.7 (1.9–27.2) | 16.3 (3.3–30.0) | 0.657 | 7.9 (1.9–19.7) | 16.3 (3.3–30.0) | 0.003 |
VAL (nmol/mL) | 25.1 (1.9–60.1) | 24.6 (1.7–68.5) | 0.384 | 31.1 (1.9–51.7) | 23.3 (4.1–68.5) | 0.116 | 12.8 (1.9–39.8) | 27.2 (4.1–68.5) | 0.003 |
ARG (nmol/mL) | 88.0 (17.6–348.2) | 72.3 (11.8–372.8) | 0.317 | 100.8 (21.0–233.8) | 72.4 (11.8–372.8) | 0.085 | 71.8 (17.6–87.4) | 77.6 (11.8–372.8) | 0.057 |
NEAAs | |||||||||
CaxP > 70 | CaxP ≤ 70 | p-Value | MA | nMA | p-Value | PEW (n = 11) | nPEW (n = 51) | p-Value | |
PRO (nmol/mL) | 37.5 ± 17.0 | 38.7 ± 17.8 | 0.795 | 43.7 ± 19.4 | 36.8 ± 16.7 | 0.193 | 26.3 ± 14.2 | 40.9 ± 17.0 | 0.011 |
SER (nmol/mL) | 33.1 ± 19.9 | 30.4 ± 17.3 | 0.58 | 38.6 ± 18.2 | 29.2 ± 17.4 | 0.078 | 20.7 ± 16.1 | 33.6 ± 17.9 | 0.031 |
ALA (nmol/mL) | 65.4 (6.9–155.3) | 67.5 (20.3–211.2) | 0.206 | 100.1 (8.01–183.7) | 63.3 (6.9–211.2) | 0.296 | 34.9 (6.9–136.4) | 77.6 (11.8–372.8) | 0.001 |
ASP (nmol/mL) | 2.4 (0.2–7.0) | 1.8 (0.1–7.4) | 0.883 | 3.0 (0.2–7.0) | 1.7 (0.0–7.4) | 0.057 | 0.8 (0.2–4.8) | 2.4 (0.0–7.4) | 0.074 |
CYS (nmol/mL) | 6.0 (0.3–17.6) | 4.1 (0.1–9.0) | 0.003 | 4.9 (3.4–17.6) | 4.6 (0.1–16.0) | 0.375 | 5.7 (4.3–15.9) | 4.2 (0.1–17.6) | 0.010 |
GLU (nmol/mL) | 16.8 (2.1–71.4) | 18.0 (3.3–50.3) | 0.680 | 18.3 (2.1–71.4) | 16.9 (3.0–50.3) | 0.375 | 8.7 (2.1–46.0) | 17.7 (3.3–71.4) | 0.002 |
GLY (nmol/mL) | 78.6 (7.1–130.4) | 60.2 (17.3–137.0) | 0.270 | 83.4 (9.9–129.3) | 60.2 (7.1–137.0) | 0.139 | 45.5 (7.1–102.5) | 63.6 (17.3–137.0) | 0.045 |
TYR (nmol/mL) | 10.4 (0.1–36.7) | 9.35 (3.49–37.90) | 0.883 | 10.8 (0.1–27.7) | 9.0 (2.8–37.9) | 0.330 | 5.5 (0.1–18.5) | 10.3 (3.4–37.9) | 0.016 |
EAA sum (nmol/mL) | 9048.6 | 16,139.4 | 7371.5 | 17,036.7 | 2728.3 | 22,570.7 | |||
median (min-max) | 18.1 (1.1–348.2) | 23.8 (0.1–372.8) | 0.146 | 20.7 (0.0–372.8) | 27.2 (0.1–364.1) | 0.034 | 12.5 (1.1–170.3) | 24.2 (0.0–372.8) | 0.000 |
NEAA sum (nmol/mL) | 5425.4 | 10,257.2 | 4426.3 | 10,751.3 | 1807.2 | 13,952.2 | |||
median (min-max) | 16.4 (0.1–180.7) | 20.4 (0.0–211.2) | 0.4 | 18.4 (0.0–211.2) | 21.3 (0.09–183.6) | 0.1 | 9.6 (0.1–136.4) | 21.0 (0.0–211.2) | 0.001 |
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Lippi, I.; Perondi, F.; Pierini, A.; Bartoli, F.; Gori, E.; Mariti, C.; Marchetti, V. Essential and Non-Essential Amino Acids in Dogs at Different Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 331. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9070331
Lippi I, Perondi F, Pierini A, Bartoli F, Gori E, Mariti C, Marchetti V. Essential and Non-Essential Amino Acids in Dogs at Different Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(7):331. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9070331
Chicago/Turabian StyleLippi, Ilaria, Francesca Perondi, Alessio Pierini, Francesco Bartoli, Eleonora Gori, Chiara Mariti, and Veronica Marchetti. 2022. "Essential and Non-Essential Amino Acids in Dogs at Different Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 7: 331. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9070331