Insights on Transmission, Spread, and Possible Endemization of Selected Arboviruses in Israel—Interim Results from Five-Year Surveillance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Serum Collection
2.3. Insect Collection
2.4. ELISA Serum-Reactivity and Virus Neutralisation Test (VNT)
- ii.
- Simbu serogroup viruses—IDEXX Schmallenberg Ab’s Test Kit (3097 Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland) was used.
- iii.
- BTV and EHDV—IDVET—ID Screen® bluetongue and IDVET—ID Screen® EHDV Competition (Montpellier, France) were used, respectively.
2.5. Genomic Detection of Arboviruses in Culicoides
- Viral RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis from Culicoides:
- ii.
- RT-nested PCR and RT-nested qPCR amplifications:
- ii (a) BEFV:
- ii (b) Simbu serogroup viruses:
- ii (c) BTV-8 and BTV-4:
3. Results
3.1. Detection of Antibodies against Bovine Arboviruses
- BEF—Neutralizing antibodies against BEFV were detected in 2017 in 10 of 60 animals (Figure 2A) from 2 farms: one from Galilee and the other from the Sharon Plain. Only one sentinel from a farm in the Sharon Plain was VNT positive in 2018 (Figure 2A and Figure 3). These 11 sentinels seroconverted during summer or early autumn (Figure 3).
- Simbu serogroup viruses—In total, 143 out of 234 sentinels seroconverted against Simbu serogroup viruses during this study. Forty-one in 2015; 48 in 2017; 24 in 2018; 18 in 2019 and 12 in 2020 (Figure 2B and Figure 3). Seroconversion mostly accrued during the hot months (Figure 3). Seroconversion occurred in all the farms examined except for the farms located at the Golan Heights and the Judea Mountains during 2015–2019. In 2020, seroconversion occurred in all the farms examined, including a single animal from the farm in the Judea Mountains. The farm in the Golan heights remained “naïve” throughout the study (Figure 3).
- BTV—In total, 152 out of 234 sentinels seroconverted against BTV during this study. Forty-four in 2015; 46 in 2017; 30 in 2018; 20 in 2019 and 12 in 2020 (Figure 2C and Figure 3). Seroconversion mostly accrued during the hot months (Figure 3). Seroconversion occurred in all the farms examined except for the farms located at the Golan Heights and the Judea Mountains during 2015, 2018–2020. In 2017, seroconversion occurred in all the farms examined, including a single animal from the farm in the Judea Mountains. The farm in the Golan Heights remained “naïve” throughout the study (Figure 3).
- EHDV—In total, 21 of 234 sentinels seroconverted against EHDV during this study. During 2015, 15 of 60 sentinels became EHDV seropositive (Figure 2D) from 3 farms: A farm from the northern Jordan Valley (N = 5), a farm from the Southern Jordan Valley (N = 5), and a farm from around the Sea of Galilee (N = 5) (Figure 3). In 2019 and 2020, EHDV was detected in 3 of 30 sentinels each year (Figure 2D) from a farm in the Sharon Plain (Figure 3). EHDV seroconversion accrued mainly during the summer (Figure 3).
3.2. Genomic Detection of BEFV, Simbu Serogroup Viruses, BTV-4 and BTV-8 in Culicoides
- BEFV was not detected in any of the 118 pools tested in this study.
- BTV-4 was detected in only two pools of C. imicola, one collected during 2015 and one during 2016 (Table 1). Both pools originated from the same farm in the Northern Jordan Valley during autumn.
- BTV-8 was detected in 16 pools from three out of the four Culicoides species tested (i.e., C. imicola, C. oxystoma, and C. puncticulis). We found BTV-8 positive pools in all the geographical regions, except the Golan Heights, only during 2015–2017 (Table 1).
- Simbu serogroup viruses detection in Culicoides between 2015–2019 was previously published [19,23,24]. Thus, only pools collected during 2020 were analyzed for this study. Simbu serogroup viruses were detected in 12 pools collected during 2020. Four pools collected from the Sharon Plain were positive to AINOV, and the other eight were positive to AKAV (Table 2).
4. Discussion
- Livestock in Israel are exposed to all investigated viruses from early summer onward.
- Each farm should be considered its own microhabitat as all investigated viruses exhibit unique site-specific profiles in both ruminants and Culicoides vectors.
- iii.
- Possible mechanisms of disease ‘endemization’ and local emergence of arboviral diseases in Israel.
- iv.
- Israel is an idyllic environment for ‘reassortment’ of distinct serotypes of segmented viruses.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Geographic Region | Date of Collection | Vector Species Tested | BTV-4/BTV-8 Detection |
---|---|---|---|
Northern Jordan Valley | Sep-2015 | C. puncticulis | -/+ |
Oct-2015 | C. puncticulis | -/+ | |
Nov-2015 | C. imicola | +/+ | |
Oct-2016 | C. imicola | +/+ | |
Interior Plain | Jul-2015 (x2) | C. imicola (x2) | -/+ |
Jul-2015 | C. oxystoma | -/+ | |
Sep-2017 | C. oxystoma | -/+ | |
Sharon | Aug-2017 | C. imicola | -/+ |
Aug-2017 | C. oxystoma | -/+ | |
Aug-2017 | C. puncticolis | -/+ | |
Coastal Plain | Nov-2015 | C. imicola | -/+ |
Nov-2015 | C. oxystoma | -/+ | |
Negev | Jul-2017 | C. puncticolis | -/+ |
Southern Jordan Valley | Aug-2016 | C. oxystoma | -/+ |
Nov-2017 | C. puncticolis | -/+ |
Geographic Region | Month of Insect Collection | Vector Species Tested | Virus Genome Detected |
---|---|---|---|
Interior Plain | Oct | C. imicola | AKAV |
C. oxystoma | AKAV | ||
Nov | C. imicola | AKAV | |
C. oxystoma | AKAV | ||
Sharon | July | C. imicola | AINOV |
C. imicola | AINOV | ||
C. oxystoma | AINOV | ||
C. puncticolis | AINOV | ||
Aug | C. imicola | AKAV | |
Coastal Plain | Sep | C. imicola | AKAV |
C. oxystoma | AKAV | ||
Negev | July | C. oxystoma | AKAV |
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Behar, A.; Friedgut, O.; Rotenberg, D.; Zalesky, O.; Izhaki, O.; Yulzary, A.; Rot, A.; Wolkomirsky, R.; Zamir, L.; Hmd, F.; et al. Insights on Transmission, Spread, and Possible Endemization of Selected Arboviruses in Israel—Interim Results from Five-Year Surveillance. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020065
Behar A, Friedgut O, Rotenberg D, Zalesky O, Izhaki O, Yulzary A, Rot A, Wolkomirsky R, Zamir L, Hmd F, et al. Insights on Transmission, Spread, and Possible Endemization of Selected Arboviruses in Israel—Interim Results from Five-Year Surveillance. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(2):65. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020065
Chicago/Turabian StyleBehar, Adi, Orly Friedgut, Ditza Rotenberg, Olga Zalesky, Omer Izhaki, Amit Yulzary, Asael Rot, Ricardo Wolkomirsky, Lior Zamir, Faris Hmd, and et al. 2022. "Insights on Transmission, Spread, and Possible Endemization of Selected Arboviruses in Israel—Interim Results from Five-Year Surveillance" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 2: 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020065