Implementation of Mini-FLOTAC in Routine Diagnosis of Coccidia and Helminth Infections in Domestic and Exotic Birds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bird Collections and Fecal Samplings
2.2. Coprological Techniques
2.2.1. Mini-FLOTAC
2.2.2. McMaster
2.2.3. Fecal Cultures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Epidemiological Results with Mini-FLOTAC in Domestic and Exotic Birds
3.2. McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC Comparison
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Period | Collection | Species | No. of Birds | Age | Samples | Outdoor Area |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
October–December 2020 | Bird collection 1 (Lisbon) | Peacocks | 20 | 3 months–9 years | 29 | 9600 m2 |
April 2021 | Bird collection 2 (Lisbon) | Peacocks | 40 | 3 months–19 years | 25 | 6000 m2 |
September 2020–February 2021 | Bird collection 3 (Abrantes) | Ostriches | 2 | 4 years | 9 | 50,000 m2 |
Emus | 6 | 7–14 years | 19 | |||
Peacocks | 3 | 3–6 years | 14 | 6000 m2 | ||
July–November 2020 | Poultry farm (Lourinhã) | Organic layers | 200 | 16 months | 46 | 1700 m2 |
Collection | Bird Species | GI Parasites | OPG|EPG (Min–Max) | Prevalence (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bird collection 1 | Peacocks | Eimeria spp. | 107 (0–750) | 29 |
Helminths | 145 (0–2000) | 14 (Capillaria spp.) | ||
14 (S. pavonis) | ||||
Bird collection 2 | Peacocks | Eimeria spp. | 502 (0–1800) | 25 |
Helminths | 66 (0–1000) | 8 (T. tenuis) | ||
4 (S. pavonis) | ||||
Bird collection 3 | Ostriches | L. douglassii | 2731 (500–5700) | 100 |
Emus | 60 (0–420) | 32 | ||
Peacocks | Eimeria spp. | 9 (0–30) | 43 | |
Poultry farm | Organic layers | Eimeria spp. | 24 (0–300) | 41 |
Average Eimeria spp., Galliformes | 160 (0–1800) | 35 | ||
Average Helminths, Peacocks | 70 (0–2000) | 15 | ||
Average Helminths, Ratites | 1396 (0–5700) | 66 |
Bird Groups | GI Parasites | Mini-FLOTAC EPG|OPG (Min–Max) | McMaster EPG | OPG (Min–Max) |
---|---|---|---|
Galliformes | Eimeria spp. | 160 (0–1800) | 188 (0–5100) |
Peacocks (Collections 1 and 2) | Helminths | 105 (0–2000) | 16 (0–400) |
Ratites | L. douglassii | 1396 (0–5700) | 1647 (0–10,000) |
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Lozano, J.; Almeida, C.; Victório, A.C.; Melo, P.; Rodrigues, J.P.; Rinaldi, L.; Cringoli, G.; Gomes, L.; Oliveira, M.; Paz-Silva, A.; et al. Implementation of Mini-FLOTAC in Routine Diagnosis of Coccidia and Helminth Infections in Domestic and Exotic Birds. Vet. Sci. 2021, 8, 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8080160
Lozano J, Almeida C, Victório AC, Melo P, Rodrigues JP, Rinaldi L, Cringoli G, Gomes L, Oliveira M, Paz-Silva A, et al. Implementation of Mini-FLOTAC in Routine Diagnosis of Coccidia and Helminth Infections in Domestic and Exotic Birds. Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 8(8):160. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8080160
Chicago/Turabian StyleLozano, João, Cristina Almeida, Ana Cláudia Victório, Pedro Melo, João Paulo Rodrigues, Laura Rinaldi, Giuseppe Cringoli, Lídia Gomes, Manuela Oliveira, Adolfo Paz-Silva, and et al. 2021. "Implementation of Mini-FLOTAC in Routine Diagnosis of Coccidia and Helminth Infections in Domestic and Exotic Birds" Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 8: 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8080160