Knowledge, Awareness and Practices Regarding Cystic Echinococcosis among Livestock Farmers in Basrah Province, Iraq
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Questionnaire Design and Administration
2.4. Ethics Statement
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Practices towards CE Prevention
3.3. Knowledge and Awareness about CE Infection and Transmission Sources
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Category | n | % |
---|---|---|---|
County | Abu Al-Kasib Al-Midaina Al-Qurnah Al-Zubair Shat Al-Arab Al-Basrah | 64 47 16 44 112 31 | 20.4 15 5.1 14 35.7 9.8 |
Age (years) | <20 21–30 31–40 41–50 51–60 61–70 >71 | 16 36 77 91 67 32 5 | 1.9 11.5 24.5 29 21.3 10.2 1.6 |
Gender | Male Female | 311 3 | 99.1 0.9 |
Residence | Urban Rural | 63 251 | 20.1 79.9 |
Education level | Illiterate (cannot read and write) Primary Secondary University | 78 158 67 11 | 24.9 50.3 21.3 3.5 |
Principle occupation | Butcher Civil servant Farmer Policeman Solider Teacher Retired | 3 32 245 19 2 7 6 | 0.9 10.2 78.1 6.1 0.6 2.2 1.9 |
Livestock ownership * | Cattle Cattle & sheep Cattle & buffalo Sheep Buffalo Buffalo, cattle & sheep Other mixed livestock farms | 87 56 55 35 33 14 34 | 27.7 17.8 17.5 11.2 10.5 4.5 10.8 |
Theme | Variables | Category | n | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dog ownership (N = 314) * | Do you own dog on your farm? | Yes No | 86 228 | 27.4 2.6 |
Dog management practices (N = 86) ** | Do you tie up your dog? | Yes No | 20 66 | 23.3 76.7 |
How long you keep your dog tied? | In the day time Only for the night | 17 3 | 85 5 | |
Do you let your dog access your house? | Never Rarely Sometime Often Always | 48 7 15 7 9 | 55.8 8.2 17.4 8.1 10.5 | |
Do you feed your dog uncooked animal viscera? | Yes No | 37 49 | 43 57 | |
How do you handle droppings/stools of your dog? | Leave it where they are Bury it Throw in water canal Throw in agriculture field | 82 1 1 2 | 95.3 1.2 1.2 2.3 | |
How often do you wash hands after handling or feeding your dog? | Never Rarely Sometime Often Always | 16 0 12 15 43 | 18.6 0 14 17.4 50 | |
Do you regularly de-worm your dog? | Yes No | 3 83 | 3.5 96.5 | |
How often does your dog have contact with farm livestock? | Never Rarely Sometime Often Always | 21 2 11 19 33 | 24.4 2.3 12.8 22 38.4 | |
How often do you or your family members play with your dog? | Never Rarely Sometime Often Always | 41 1 18 19 7 | 47.7 1.2 20.9 22.1 8.1 | |
Food and water sanitary handling practices (N = 314) * | How frequently do you wash hands before eating? | All the time Most of the time Some of the time Do not wash hands | 213 91 6 4 | 67.8 29 1.9 1.3 |
How do you eat food in your home? | By hands only With cutlery only By both hand and cutlery | 96 57 161 | 30.6 18.1 51.3 | |
How do you clean raw vegetables before eating them? | Do not wash (peel outer leaves) Rinse using tap water Soak in water in the sink With detergent With river water With well water With RO ¥ treated water | 31 144 86 42 4 2 5 | 9.8 45.9 27.4 13.4 1.3 0.6 1.6 | |
What is the source of water for your domestic use? | River Tap water Well RO¥ treated water | 100 191 5 18 | 32 61 1.3 5.7 | |
Do you boil water for domestic use before drinking it? | Yes No | 18 296 | 5.7 94.3 |
Theme | Variables | Category | n | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge about CE | Do you know that some disease could be transmitted from livestock to human? | Yes No | 186 128 | 59.2 40.8 |
Did you hear about echinococcosis disease? | Yes No | 222 92 | 70.7 29.3 | |
Do you know if echinococcosis disease can be dangerous to human health? | Yes No | 184 130 | 58.6 41.4 | |
Have you ever seen hydatid cysts like these pictures in the organs of animals? | Yes No Not sure | 117 190 7 | 37.3 60.5 2.2 | |
Awareness of CE sources of infection | Do you know how humans are infected by hydatid disease? | Does not know Contaminated food Contaminated hands Contaminated water Eating raw food Contact with dogs faeces | 161 50 61 20 9 13 | 51.3 15.9 19.4 6.4 2.9 4.1 |
Are you aware that buffalo, cattle, sheep and goats can be infected with hydatid disease? | Yes No Not sure | 100 202 12 | 31.8 64.4 3.8 | |
Are you aware that it could be dangerous to eat raw vegetables contaminated with dog faeces? | Yes No | 225 89 | 71.7 28.3 | |
To what level do you consider de-worming of your dogs as a priority for your dog’s health? | Essential High priority Low priority Medium priority Not a priority | 11 10 29 6 30 | 12.8 11.6 33.7 7 34.9 | |
To what level do you consider de-worming of your dogs as a priority for your family health? | Essential High priority Low priority Medium priority Not a priority | 13 11 29 8 25 | 15.1 12.8 33.7 9.3 29.1 |
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Abdulhameed, M.F.; Habib, I.; Al-Azizz, S.A.; Robertson, I. Knowledge, Awareness and Practices Regarding Cystic Echinococcosis among Livestock Farmers in Basrah Province, Iraq. Vet. Sci. 2018, 5, 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci5010017
Abdulhameed MF, Habib I, Al-Azizz SA, Robertson I. Knowledge, Awareness and Practices Regarding Cystic Echinococcosis among Livestock Farmers in Basrah Province, Iraq. Veterinary Sciences. 2018; 5(1):17. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci5010017
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdulhameed, Mohanad F., Ihab Habib, Suzan A. Al-Azizz, and Ian Robertson. 2018. "Knowledge, Awareness and Practices Regarding Cystic Echinococcosis among Livestock Farmers in Basrah Province, Iraq" Veterinary Sciences 5, no. 1: 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci5010017