Golden Years and Companion Animals: Investigating How the Human–Animal Bond Shapes Pet Wellness in Later Life from the Owner’s Perception
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Approvals
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. Participants Socio-Demographic Data
2.2.2. Pets’ Health-Related Quality of Life (PHRQOL) Scale
- -
- Panting: frequent air-gulping at the surface, evident by rapid opercular movements.
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- Sleep: Characterized by significantly reduced activity, with the fish remaining in a fixed position.
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- Pain: Indicated by an absence of response to food or any external interaction.
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- Clean Appearance: Denoted by a lustrous look, free from dirt and with all scales intact.
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- Shakes: Identified by erratic swimming behavior.
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- Skin irritation: has visible skin lesions, discoloration, or abnormal patches on its body or fins
- -
- Rough looking: fish’s scales or fins appear dull, clamped, frayed, or uneven
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Distribution of the Owners’ Responses to the Pets’ Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire Items
3.2. Impact of Owner’s Socio-Demographic Characteristics on Response to Items of Pet’s Health-Related Quality of Life Domains Items
3.3. Association Between Owner’s Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Items of Pet’s Health-Related Quality of Life Domains
3.4. Correlation Between Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Owner’s and Pet’s Health-Related Quality of Life (PHRQOL) Domains Items
3.5. Reliability and Construct Validity of Pets’ Health-Related Quality of Life (PHRQOL) Domains Items
4. Discussion
4.1. Supporting the Use of the PHRQOL Assessment Scale
4.2. Impact of Additional Human Companions in the Home and Owner Physical Health
4.3. Impact of Owner Age, Education, and Income
4.4. Influence of Gender Combined with Age and Additional Human Companions
4.5. Duration of Pet Ownership
4.6. Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Gender | Socio-Demographic Data | Happiness | Mental Status | Physical Status | Hygiene | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | Q9 | Q10 | Q11 | Q12 | Q13 | Q14 | Q15 | ||
Male | Age | 0.258 0.265 | 0.283 0.218 | 0.262 0.260 | 0.019 0.935 | −0.346 0.130 | −0.087 0.705 | −0.133 0.568 | 0.365 0.103 | −0.343 0.128 | 0.027 0.908 | −0.207 0.369 | −0.096 0.676 | 0.022 0.926 | −0.110 0.636 | −0.149 0.519 |
Marital Status | 0.202 0.414 | 0.243 0.300 | 0.253 0.288 | 0.237 0.314 | −0.188 0.425 | 0.048 0.865 | −0.129 0.572 | 0.008 1.00 | 0.169 0.489 | 0.308 0.175 | 0.042 0.957 | 0.101 0.695 | 0.041 0.895 | −0.138 0.564 | −0.170 0.472 | |
Living arrangements | 0.505 * 0.022 | 0.489 * 0.026 | 0.382 0.091 | 0.036 0.878 | −0.125 0.596 | −0.483 * 0.029 | −0.341 0.132 | 0.260 0.252 | −0.467 * 0.034 | 0.412 0.063 | −0.257 0.262 | −0.232 0.312 | 0.100 0.666 | −0.068 0.771 | −0.085 0.716 | |
Education level | 0.204 0.371 | 0.146 0.524 | 0.031 0.896 | 0.171 0.455 | −0.222 0.333 | 0.066 0.775 | −0.036 0.880 | 0.181 0.422 | 0.218 0.336 | −0.016 0.943 | −0.142 0.551 | −0.281 0.218 | −0.102 0.656 | 0.054 0.809 | −0.112 0.625 | |
Type of disease | −0.116 0.616 | 0.000 1.000 | 0.050 0.830 | −0.046 0.837 | −0.113 0.624 | 0.314 0.169 | 0.076 0.742 | −0.152 0.503 | 0.574 ** 0.006 | 0.324 0.158 | 0.147 0.526 | 0.268 0.245 | −0.229 0.320 | 0.061 0.793 | 0.023 0.916 | |
Type of pet | 0.195 0.398 | 0.134 0.561 | 0.233 0.308 | 0.056 0.808 | −0.102 0.651 | −0.044 0.845 | −0.098 0.666 | 0.147 0.524 | −0.062 0.786 | 0.010 0.965 | −0.312 0.168 | −0.047 0.835 | 0.000 1.000 | −0.086 0.712 | −0.204 0.371 | |
Duration of ownership | −0.160 0.486 | 0.011 0.962 | −0.156 0.499 | −0.082 0.721 | −0.020 0.933 | 0.160 0.490 | 0.043 0.850 | −0.141 0.538 | 0.264 0.246 | −0.027 0.908 | 0.391 0.076 | 0.133 0.566 | −0.147 0.525 | 0.163 0.480 | 0.156 0.496 | |
Female | Age | 0.289 0.072 | 0.444 ** 0.005 | 0.405 * 0.009 | 0.418 ** 0.007 | −0.421 ** 0.009 | −0.277 0.087 | −0.401 * 0.013 | 0.324 * 0.046 | −0.405 * 0.011 | 0.243 0.134 | −0.156 0.341 | −0.241 0.142 | 0.003 0.985 | −0.267 0.105 | −0.323 * 0.045 |
Marital Status | 0.219 0.181 | 0.237 0.147 | 0.302 0.064 | 0.354 * 0.029 | −0.389 * 0.016 | −0.214 0.192 | −0.346 * 0.033 | 0.178 0.276 | −0.441 ** 0.006 | 0.410 ** 0.010 | −0.178 0.274 | −0.464 ** 0.003 | −0.020 0.904 | −0.354 * 0.030 | −0.335 * 0.038 | |
Living arrangements | −0.019 0.914 | 0.122 0.454 | −0.079 0.628 | −0.147 0.371 | −0.112 0.491 | −0.037 0.823 | 0.036 0.830 | −0.036 0.826 | 0.100 0.541 | 0.048 0.766 | −0.072 0.654 | 0.231 0.157 | 0.158 0.333 | 0.160 0.333 | −0.086 0.597 | |
Education level | −0.105 0.523 | −0.145 0.379 | −0.168 0.304 | −0.259 0.114 | 0.304 0.060 | 0.301 0.063 | 0.257 0.115 | −0.118 0.467 | 0.379 * 0.018 | −0.438 ** 0.005 | 0.187 0.256 | 0.150 0.364 | −0.283 0.084 | 0.125 0.447 | 0.282 0.081 | |
Type of disease | 0.166 0.312 | 0.068 0.678 | 0.062 0.701 | 0.176 0.282 | 0.053 0.748 | −0.033 0.841 | −0.122 0.450 | −0.213 0.190 | −0.077 0.638 | 0.104 0.528 | −0.184 0.258 | −0.078 0.624 | −0.075 0.652 | 0.230 0.156 | 0.036 0.823 | |
Type of pet | 0.021 0.902 | −0.032 0.848 | 0.227 0.162 | −0.175 0.289 | −0.137 0.413 | −0.144 0.383 | −0.271 0.095 | 0.122 0.465 | −0.013 0.939 | 0.145 0.382 | 0.197 0.230 | 0.034 0.836 | 0.125 0.446 | −0.045 0.788 | −0.074 0.657 | |
Duration of ownership | −0.072 0.658 | −0.157 0.335 | −0.181 0.263 | −0.001 0.997 | 0.302 0.061 | 0.299 0.062 | 0.359 * 0.026 | −0.173 0.284 | 0.230 0.154 | −0.202 0.211 | 0.040 0.806 | 0.136 0.404 | −0.049 0.771 | 0.150 0.362 | 0.148 0.369 |
Appendix B
Domain /Items | Happiness | Mental Status | Physical Status | Hygiene | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | Q9 | Q10 | Q11 | Q12 | Q13 | Q14 | Q15 | |
Happiness | |||||||||||||||
Q1 | 0.844 ** <0.001 | 0.725 ** <0.001 | 0.455 ** <0.001 | −0.608 ** <0.001 | −0.526 ** <0.001 | −0.538 ** <0.001 | 0.637 ** <0.001 | −0.579 ** <0.001 | 0.571 ** <0.001 | −0.682 ** <0.001 | −0.665 ** <0.001 | 0.445 ** 0.001 |
−0.392 **
0.003 | −0.646 ** <0.001 | |
Q2 | 0.844 ** <0.001 | 0.782 ** <0.001 | 0.534 ** <0.001 | −0.737 ** <0.001 | −0.487 ** <0.001 | −0.655 ** <0.001 | 0.698 ** <0.001 | −0.516 ** <0.001 | 0.534 ** <0.001 | −0.556 ** <0.001 | −0.498 ** <0.001 | 0.503 ** <0.001 | −0.530 ** <0.001 | −0.649 ** <0.001 | |
Q3 | 0.725 ** <0.001 | 0.782 ** <0.001 | 0.604 ** <0.001 | −0.649 ** <0.001 | −0.612 ** <0.001 | −0.764 ** <0.001 | 0.658 ** <0.001 | −0.526 ** <0.001 | 0.660 ** <0.001 | −0.507 ** <0.001 | −0.452 ** <0.001 | 0.524 ** <0.001 | −0.553 ** <0.001 | −0.649 ** <0.001 | |
Mental status | |||||||||||||||
Q4 | 0.455 ** <0.001 | 0.534 ** <0.001 | 0.604 ** <0.001 | −0.507 ** <0.001 |
−0.294 *
0.021 | −0.570 ** <0.001 | 0.535 ** <0.001 | −0.450 ** 0.001 | 0.488 ** <0.001 |
−0.409 **
0.002 | −0.470 ** <0.001 | 0.458 ** <0.001 | −0.518 ** <0.001 | −0.597 ** <0.001 | |
Q5 | −0.608 ** <0.001 | −0.737 ** <0.001 | −0.649 ** <0.001 | −0.507 ** <0.001 | 0.532 ** <0.001 | 0.701 ** <0.001 | −0.627 ** <0.001 | 0.422 ** 0.001 | −0.550 ** <0.001 | 0.541 ** <0.001 | 0.431 ** 0.001 | −0.526 ** <0.001 | 0.722 ** <0.001 | 0.784 ** <0.001 | |
Q6 | −0.526 ** <0.001 | −0.487 ** <0.001 | −0.612 ** <0.001 |
−0.294 *
0.021 | 0.532 ** <0.001 | 0.502 ** <0.001 |
−0.358 **
0.006 | 0.461 ** 0.001 | −0.534 ** <0.001 | 0.464 ** <0.001 | 0.450 ** <0.001 |
−0.387 **
0.003 |
0.337 **
0.010 |
0.410 **
0.001 | |
Physical status | |||||||||||||||
Q7 | −0.538 ** <0.001 | −0.655 ** <0.001 | −0.764 ** <0.001 | −0.570 ** <0.001 | 0.701 ** <0.001 | 0.502 ** <0.001 | −0.642 ** <0.001 | 0.528 ** <0.001 | −0.614 ** <0.001 | 0.503 ** <0.001 | 0.438 ** 0.001 | −0.586 ** <0.001 | 0.627 ** <0.001 | 0.718 ** <0.001 | |
Q8 | 0.637 ** <0.001 | 0.698 ** <0.001 | 0.658 ** <0.001 | 0.535 ** <0.001 | −0.627 ** <0.001 |
−0.358 **
0.006 | −0.642 ** <0.001 | −0.597 ** <0.001 | 0.441 ** 0.001 | −0.531 ** <0.001 | −0.605 ** <0.001 | 0.522 ** <0.001 | −0.712 ** <0.001 | −0.648 ** <0.001 | |
Q9 | −0.579 ** <0.001 | −0.516 ** <0.001 | −0.526 ** <0.001 | −0.450 ** 0.001 |
0.422 **
0.001 | 0.461 ** 0.001 | 0.528 ** <0.001 | −0.597 ** <0.001 |
−0.411 **
0.001 | 0.552 ** <0.001 | 0.614 ** <0.001 | −0.454 ** 0.001 | 0.453 ** <0.001 | 0.525 ** <0.001 | |
Q10 | 0.571 ** <0.001 | 0.534 ** <0.001 | 0.660 ** <0.001 | 0.488 ** <0.001 | −0.550 ** <0.001 | −0.534 ** <0.001 | −0.614 ** <0.001 | 0.441 ** 0.001 |
−0.411 **
0.001 |
−0.429 **
0.001 | −0.517 ** <0.001 |
0.356 **
0.006 |
−0.366 **
0.003 | −0.559 ** <0.001 | |
Q11 | −0.682 ** <0.001 | −0.556 ** <0.001 | −0.507 ** <0.001 |
−0.409 **
0.002 | 0.541 ** <0.001 | 0.464 ** <0.001 | 0.503 ** <0.001 | −0.531 ** <0.001 | 0.552 ** <0.001 |
−0.429 **
0.001 | 0.672 ** <0.001 | −0.491 ** <0.001 | 0.471 ** <0.001 | 0.684 ** <0.001 | |
Q12 | −0.665 ** <0.001 | −0.498 ** <0.001 | −0.452 ** <0.001 | −0.470 ** <0.001 |
0.431 **
0.001 | 0.450 ** <0.001 | 0.438 ** 0.001 | −0.605 ** <0.001 | 0.614 ** <0.001 | −0.517 ** <0.001 | 0.672 ** <0.001 |
−0.379 **
0.003 |
0.409 **
0.001 | 0.509 ** <0.001 | |
Hygiene | |||||||||||||||
Q13 | 0.445 ** 0.001 | 0.503 ** <0.001 | 0.524 ** <0.001 | 0.458 ** <0.001 | −0.526 ** <0.001 |
−0.387 **
0.003 | −0.586 ** <0.001 | 0.522 ** <0.001 | −0.454 ** 0.001 |
0.356 **
0.006 | −0.491 ** <0.001 |
−0.379 **
0.003 | −0.616 ** <0.001 | −0.636 ** <0.001 | |
Q14 |
−0.392 **
0.003 | −0.530 ** <0.001 | −0.553 ** <0.001 | −0.518 ** <0.001 | 0.722 ** <0.001 |
0.337 **
0.010 | 0.627 ** <0.001 | −0.712 ** <0.001 | 0.453 ** <0.001 |
−0.366 **
0.003 | 0.471 ** <0.001 |
0.409 **
0.001 | −0.616 ** <0.001 | 0.712 ** <0.001 | |
Q15 | −0.646 ** <0.001 | −0.649 ** <0.001 | −0.649 ** <0.001 | −0.597 ** <0.001 | 0.784 ** <0.001 | 0.410 ** 0.001 | 0.718 ** <0.001 | −0.648 ** <0.001 | 0.525 ** <0.001 | −0.559 ** <0.001 | 0.684 ** <0.001 | 0.509 ** <0.001 | −0.636 ** <0.001 | 0.712 ** <0.001 |
Appendix C
Socio-Demographic Data | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 60 to less than 65 | 65 to less than 70 | 70 and more | ||||
Sex | Male | Female | |||||
Marital status | Single | Married | Widow | Divorced | |||
Living arrangements | Alone | With partner | With partner and children | With children | |||
Education level | Illiterate | Read and write | Primary | Preparatory | Secondary | University | Postgraduate |
Income level | Adequate | Inadequate | |||||
Disease | Yes | No | |||||
Type of disease | Hypertension | Diabetes | Cardiovascular | Kidney | Liver | Others | |
Type of pet owned | Dog | Cat | Decorated birds | Decorated fish | Turtles | Others | |
Duration of pet ownership | Less than one year | One to less than 5 years | More than 5 years |
Items/Questions | 1 = Disagree | 2 = Slightly Disagree | 3 = Neutral | 4 = Slightly Agree | 5 = Agree |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Q1) My pet wants to play | |||||
(Q2) My pet responds to my presence | |||||
(Q3) My pet enjoys life | |||||
(Q4) My pet has more good days than bad days | |||||
(Q5) My pet seems dull or depressed, not alert | |||||
(Q6) My pet sleeps more, is less awake | |||||
(Q7) My pet is in pain | |||||
(Q8) My pet moves normally | |||||
(Q9) My pet lies in one place all day long | |||||
(Q10) My pet is as active as he/she has been | |||||
(Q11) My pet pants frequently, even at rest | |||||
(Q12) My pet shakes or trembles occasionally | |||||
(Q13) My pet keeps him/herself clean | |||||
(Q14) My pet smells like urine or has skin irritation | |||||
(Q15) My pet’s hair is greasy, matted, rough looking |
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Domain | Items/Questions |
---|---|
Happiness | (Q1) My pet wants to play |
(Q2) My pet responds to my presence | |
(Q3) My pet enjoys life | |
Mental status | (Q4) My pet has more good days than bad days |
(Q5) My pet seems dull or depressed, not alert * | |
(Q6) My pet sleeps more, is less awake * | |
Physical status | (Q7) My pet is in pain * |
(Q8) My pet moves normally | |
(Q9) My pet lies in one place all day long * | |
(Q10) My pet is as active as he/she has been | |
(Q11) My pet pants frequently, even at rest * | |
(Q12) My pet shakes or trembles occasionally * | |
Hygiene | (Q13) My pet keeps him/herself clean |
(Q14) My pet smells like urine or has skin irritation * | |
(Q15) My pet’s hair is greasy, matted, rough looking * |
Domain/Items | NO/% | Total Disagree | Total Neutral | Total Agree |
---|---|---|---|---|
Happiness | ||||
(Q1) My pet wants to play | N | 19 | 5 | 36 |
% | 31.70 | 8.30 | 60.00 | |
(Q2) My pet responds to my presence | N | 18 | 5 | 37 |
% | 30.00 | 8.30 | 61.70 | |
(Q3) My pet enjoys life | N | 18 | 12 | 30 |
% | 30.00 | 20.00 | 50.00 | |
Mental status | ||||
(Q4) My pet has more good days than bad days | N | 15 | 8 | 37 |
% | 25.00 | 13.30 | 61.60 | |
(Q5) My pet seems dull or depressed, not alert * | N | 31 | 7 | 22 |
% | 51.60 | 11.70 | 36.70 | |
(Q6) My pet sleeps more, is less awake * | N | 27 | 4 | 29 |
% | 45.00 | 6.70 | 48.30 | |
Physical status | ||||
(Q7) My pet is in pain * | N | 30 | 12 | 18 |
% | 50.00 | 20.00 | 30.00 | |
(Q8) My pet moves normally | N | 16 | 7 | 37 |
% | 26.70 | 11.70 | 61.60 | |
(Q9) My pet lies in one place all day long * | N | 32 | 8 | 20 |
% | 53.30 | 13.30 | 33.30 | |
(Q10) My pet is as active as he/she has been | N | 24 | 6 | 30 |
% | 40.00 | 10.00 | 50.00 | |
(Q11) My pet pants frequently, even at rest * | N | 28 | 6 | 26 |
% | 46.70 | 10.00 | 43.40 | |
(Q12) My pet shakes or trembles occasionally * | N | 40 | 4 | 16 |
% | 66.70 | 6.70 | 26.6 | |
Hygiene | ||||
(Q13) My pet keeps him/herself clean | N | 11 | 6 | 43 |
% | 18.40 | 10.00 | 51.70 | |
(Q14) My pet smells like urine or has skin irritation * | N | 42 | 6 | 12 |
% | 70.00 | 10.00 | 20.00 | |
(Q15) My pet’s hair is greasy, matted, rough looking * | N | 33 | 6 | 21 |
% | 55.00 | 10.00 | 35.00 |
Items | Age | Marital Status | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
60 to Less than 65 | 65 to Less than 70 | More than 70 | Single | Married | Widow | Divorced | ||
Q1 | >Median | 5 | 14 | 4 | ||||
≤Median | 23 | 9 | 5 | |||||
Total | 28 | 23 | 9 | |||||
Median | 4.00 | |||||||
p-value | 0.007 | |||||||
Q2 | >Median | 4 | 13 | 4 | 5 | 11 | 5 | 0 |
≤Median | 24 | 10 | 5 | 18 | 19 | 1 | 1 | |
Total | 28 | 23 | 9 | 23 | 30 | 6 | 1 | |
Median | 4.00 | 4.00 | ||||||
p-value | 0.006 | 0.036 | ||||||
Q3 | >Median | 9 | 16 | 5 | ||||
≤Median | 19 | 7 | 4 | |||||
Total | 28 | 23 | 9 | |||||
Median | 3.50 | |||||||
p-value | 0.027 | |||||||
Q5 | >Median | 16 | 12 | 0 | 1 | |||
≤Median | 7 | 18 | 6 | 0 | ||||
Total | 23 | 30 | 6 | 1 | ||||
Median | 2.00 | |||||||
p-value | 0.009 | |||||||
Q9 | >Median | 18 | 9 | 1 | ||||
≤Median | 10 | 14 | 8 | |||||
Total | 28 | 23 | 9 | |||||
Median | 2.00 | |||||||
p-value | 0.014 | |||||||
Q10 | >Median | 5 | 20 | 4 | 1 | |||
≤Median | 18 | 10 | 2 | 0 | ||||
Total | 23 | 30 | 6 | 1 | ||||
Median | 3.50 | |||||||
p-value | 0.006 | |||||||
Q14 | >Median | 15 | 14 | 0 | 0 | |||
≤Median | 8 | 16 | 6 | 1 | ||||
Total | 23 | 30 | 6 | 1 | ||||
Median | 1.00 | |||||||
p-value | 0.027 |
Items | Duration of Ownership | Type of Pet Owned | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Less than One Year | One to Less than 5 Years | More than 5 Years | Dog | Cat | Fancy Birds | Fancy Fish | Turtles | Others | ||
Q2 | >Median | 4 | 9 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |||
≤Median | 12 | 3 | 11 | 8 | 4 | 1 | ||||
Total | 16 | 12 | 14 | 10 | 6 | 2 | ||||
Median | 4.00 | |||||||||
p-value | 0.043 | |||||||||
Q6 | >Median | 14 | 3 | 12 | ||||||
≤Median | 20 | 7 | 4 | |||||||
Total | 34 | 10 | 16 | |||||||
Median | 3.00 | |||||||||
p-value | 0.037 |
Items | Component | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | |
Gender | 0.60 | ||||
Marital Status | 0.70 | ||||
Living arrangements | 0.66 | ||||
Education | 0.63 | ||||
Duration of ownership | 0.74 | ||||
(Q1) My pet wants to play | 0.79 | ||||
(Q2) My pet responds to my presence | 0.84 | ||||
(Q3) My pet enjoys life | 0.86 | ||||
(Q4) My pet has more good than bad days | 0.68 | ||||
(Q8) My pet moves normally | 0.79 | ||||
(Q10) My pet is as active as he/she has been | 0.69 | ||||
(Q13) My pet keeps him/herself clean | 0.70 | ||||
Proportion (%) of r2 | 38.19 | 7.50 | 6.98 | 5.46 | 4.51 |
Q11 | R2 = 22.60% |
---|---|
Constant | +17.824 (+7.277) |
Elderly Age | −14.224 (+6.809, p = 0.043) |
Elderly Marital status | +18.572 (+8.293, p = 0.030) |
Elderly Living arrangements | −10.276 (+4.479, p = 0.027) |
Elderly Education level | +5.236 (+2.020, p = 0.013) |
Elderly Income level | −15.055 (+6.662, p = 0.029) |
Type of Pet Owned | +6.151 (+2.553, p = 0.020) |
Elderly Age * Elderly Income level | +13.903 (+6.831, p = 0.048) |
Elderly Marital Status * Elderly Income level | −18.711 (+8.317, p = 0.030) |
Elderly Living arrangements * Elderly Income level | +10.119(+4.493, p = 0.029) |
Elderly Education level * Elderly Income level | −5.139 (+2.060, p = 0.016) |
Elderly Type of Disease * Elderly Income level | −2.405 (+1.215, p = 0.054) |
Type of Pet Owned * Elderly Income level | −6.079 (+2.572, p = 0.023) |
Items | Component |
---|---|
(Q1) My pet wants to play | −0.80 |
(Q2) My pet responds to my presence | −0.85 |
(Q3) My pet enjoys life | −0.85 |
(Q4) My pet has more good days than bad days | −0.68 |
(Q5) My pet seems dull or depressed, not alert * | 0.80 |
(Q6) My pet sleeps more, is less awake * | 0.64 |
(Q7) My pet is in pain * | 0.83 |
(Q8) My pet moves normally | −0.80 |
(Q9) My pet lies in one place all day long * | 0.70 |
(Q10) My pet is as active as he/she has been | −0.69 |
(Q11) My pet pants frequently, even at rest * | 0.74 |
(Q12) My pet shakes or trembles occasionally * | 0.71 |
(Q13) My pet keeps him/herself clean | −0.72 |
(Q14) My pet smells like urine or has skin irritation * | 0.76 |
(Q15) My pet’s hair is greasy, matted, rough looking * | 0.84 |
Proportion (%) of r2 | 58.21 |
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Goma, A.A.; Kieson, E. Golden Years and Companion Animals: Investigating How the Human–Animal Bond Shapes Pet Wellness in Later Life from the Owner’s Perception. Vet. Sci. 2025, 12, 713. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080713
Goma AA, Kieson E. Golden Years and Companion Animals: Investigating How the Human–Animal Bond Shapes Pet Wellness in Later Life from the Owner’s Perception. Veterinary Sciences. 2025; 12(8):713. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080713
Chicago/Turabian StyleGoma, Amira A., and Emily Kieson. 2025. "Golden Years and Companion Animals: Investigating How the Human–Animal Bond Shapes Pet Wellness in Later Life from the Owner’s Perception" Veterinary Sciences 12, no. 8: 713. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080713
APA StyleGoma, A. A., & Kieson, E. (2025). Golden Years and Companion Animals: Investigating How the Human–Animal Bond Shapes Pet Wellness in Later Life from the Owner’s Perception. Veterinary Sciences, 12(8), 713. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080713