Behaviour of Staphylococcus aureus in the Rearing Substrate of Tenebrio molitor Larvae
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Bacterial Strains and Preparation of the Experimental Inoculum
2.3. Microbiological Analyses
2.4. Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Staphylococcus aureus Growth
3.2. Total Mesophilic Viable Count Growth
3.3. Mesophilic Lactic acid Bacteria Growth
3.4. Effect of Fasting, Washing, and Cooking on Microbiological Counts
3.5. Enterotoxins Production
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Effect of Time (Days) | T0 | T1 | T3 | T7 | RMSE | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SC | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - | - |
SI | 6.92 a | 6.44 ab | 6.55 ab | 6.21 b | 0.221 | 0.026 |
SCL | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - | - |
SIL | 6.92 | 6.28 | 6.42 | 6.09 | 0.319 | 0.064 |
LC | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - | - |
LI | 1.00 b | 4.18 a | 4.54 a | 3.62 a | 0.495 | <0.001 |
Effect of larvae (p-value) | ||||||
SC vs. SCL | - | - | - | |||
SI vs. SIL | 0.346 | 0.641 | 0.033 | |||
Effect of inoculum (p-value) | ||||||
SC vs. SI | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
SCL vs. SIL | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
LC vs. LI | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Effect of Time (Days) | T0 | T1 | T3 | T7 | RMSE | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SC | 3.44 | 3.44 | 3.44 | 3.44 | - | - |
SI | 7.18 | 6.58 | 6.79 | 6.50 | 0.328 | 0.124 |
SCL | 3.44 b | 6.25 a | 6.60 a | 6.84 a | 0.480 | <0.001 |
SIL | 7.18 b | 6.58 b | 7.10 b | 8.13 a | 0.412 | <0.001 |
LC | 7.48 | 7.44 | 7.43 | 7.84 | 0.331 | 0.278 |
LI | 7.48 | 7.58 | 7.48 | 8.07 | 0.360 | 0.109 |
Effect of larvae (p-value) | ||||||
SC vs. SCL | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.003 | |||
SI vs. SIL | 0.962 | 0.130 | 0.005 | |||
Effect of inoculum (p-value) | ||||||
SC vs. SI | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.004 | |||
SCL vs. SIL | 0.133 | 0.014 | 0.011 | |||
LC vs. LI | 0.642 | 0.895 | 0.102 |
Effect of Time (Days) | T0 | T1 | T3 | T7 | RMSE | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SC | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.83 | - | - |
SI | 0.50 b | 1.53 a | 1.49 a | 2.27 a | 0.321 | 0.001 |
SCL | 0.83 b | 4.68 a | 5.42 a | 5.23 a | 0.654 | <0.001 |
SIL | 0.83 b | 4.42 a | 4.74 a | 5.49 a | 0.545 | <0.001 |
LC | 6.80 a | 6.64 ab | 5.88 b | 6.80 a | 0.393 | 0.040 |
LI | 6.80 | 6.83 | 6.67 | 7.03 | 0.295 | 0.425 |
Effect of larvae (p-value) | ||||||
SC vs. SCL | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | |||
SI vs. SIL | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.004 | |||
Effect of inoculum (p-value) | ||||||
SC vs. SI | 0.071 | 0.092 | 0.003 | |||
SCL vs. SIL | 0.438 | 0.337 | 0.710 | |||
LC vs. LI | 0.414 | 0.071 | 0.218 |
Unfasted | Fasted | RMSE | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LC | CoPS | 1.00 | 1.00 | - | - |
TVC | 7.84 | 7.72 | 0.168 | 0.352 | |
LAB | 6.80 | 6.11 | 0.233 | 0.006 | |
LI | CoPS | 3.59 | 3.20 | 0.522 | 0.349 |
TVC | 8.07 | 7.89 | 0.167 | 0.196 | |
LAB | 7.03 | 7.07 | 0.218 | 0.814 |
Fasting | Washing | Inoculum | Bacteria | Raw | Cooked | RMSE | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unfasted | Unwashed | LC | CoPS | 1.00 | 1.00 | - | - |
TVC | 7.84 | 3.04 | 0.339 | <0.001 | |||
LAB | 6.80 | 1.48 | 0.356 | <0.001 | |||
Washed | CoPS | 1.00 | 1.00 | - | - | ||
TVC | 8.08 | 1.95 | 0.609 | <0.001 | |||
LAB | 7.11 | 0.93 | 0.367 | <0.001 | |||
Unwashed | LI | CoPS | 3.59 | 1.00 | 0.482 | <0.001 | |
TVC | 8.07 | 2.68 | 0.519 | <0.001 | |||
LAB | 7.03 | 1.67 | 0.430 | <0.001 | |||
Washed | CoPS | 3.15 | 1.00 | 0.439 | 0.004 | ||
TVC | 7.77 | 1.67 | 0.419 | <0.001 | |||
LAB | 6.96 | 0.99 | 0.354 | <0.001 | |||
Fasted | Unwashed | LC | CoPS | 1.00 | 1.00 | - | - |
TVC | 7.72 | 3.27 | 0.694 | 0.001 | |||
LAB | 6.11 | 1.56 | 0.389 | <0.001 | |||
Washed | CoPS | 1.00 | 1.00 | - | - | ||
TVC | 7.85 | 2.12 | 0.401 | <0.001 | |||
LAB | 7.11 | 0.50 | 0.333 | <0.001 | |||
Unwashed | LI | CoPS | 3.20 | 1.00 | 0.246 | <0.001 | |
TVC | 7.89 | 2.78 | 0.043 | <0.001 | |||
LAB | 7.07 | 1.03 | 0.398 | <0.001 | |||
Washed | CoPS | 1.62 | 1.00 | 0.753 | 0.374 | ||
TVC | 7.50 | 2.07 | 0.443 | <0.001 | |||
LAB | 6.55 | 0.67 | 0.282 | <0.001 |
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Pedonese, F.; Fratini, F.; Copelotti, E.; Marconi, F.; Carrese, R.; Mancini, S. Behaviour of Staphylococcus aureus in the Rearing Substrate of Tenebrio molitor Larvae. Vet. Sci. 2023, 10, 549. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10090549
Pedonese F, Fratini F, Copelotti E, Marconi F, Carrese R, Mancini S. Behaviour of Staphylococcus aureus in the Rearing Substrate of Tenebrio molitor Larvae. Veterinary Sciences. 2023; 10(9):549. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10090549
Chicago/Turabian StylePedonese, Francesca, Filippo Fratini, Emma Copelotti, Francesca Marconi, Roberto Carrese, and Simone Mancini. 2023. "Behaviour of Staphylococcus aureus in the Rearing Substrate of Tenebrio molitor Larvae" Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 9: 549. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10090549