Polymeric Materials, Advances and Applications in Tissue Engineering: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds Fabrication
Feature | Description |
---|---|
Adequate intrinsic physical and mechanical properties | This is defined by the microarchitecture and surface microtextures (surface topography). An ideal microarchitecture should be highly porous, with defined and interconnected pore sizes and a high surface area to volume ratio to allow for better vascularization, mass transfer, and cell growth. |
Biocompatibility | It must produce the desired effect, be safe, and cause the minimum degree of inflammation once implanted. |
Bioactivity | The biomaterial-cell interaction favors cell adhesion and proliferation, facilitating contact between cells and their migration over a prolonged period. Therefore, scaffolds can include biological molecules on their surface to promote cell adhesion or can also serve as a delivery vehicle or reservoir for growth-stimulating substances such as growth factors to accelerate regeneration. |
Mimic EMC | It must be capable of mimicking the native tissue, providing an environment of optimal protection and nutrition. |
Bioabsorption | It must be bioabsorbed in a controlled and appropriate time so that the new tissue replaces the space initially occupied by the biomaterials. |
Versatility | They must be adaptable to different manufacturing techniques. |
Translational perspective | The scaffold must be reproducible, accessible, and scalable to enable its use in high-demand applications for large tissues. |
3. Polymers for Tissue Engineering
4. Strategies for Fabrication of Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering
4.1. Electrospinning
4.2. Molecular Self-Assembly
4.3. Phase Separation
4.4. Particulate Leaching
4.5. Gas Foaming
4.6. Rapid Prototyping
4.7. Decellularization
4.8. Cell Sheets
5. Smart Materials
6. Functionalization Strategies to Promote Bioactivity in Polymeric Supports
7. Cells for Tissue Engineering: Stem Cells
8. Stem Cell Classification
9. Cell Replacement Therapies Combined with Tissue Engineering Strategies: More Complex Than Is Believed
10. Applications of Polymers for Tissue Engineering in Experimental Models
10.1. Epithelial Tissue Engineering
10.2. Bone Tissue Engineering
10.3. Urinary Tissue Engineering
10.4. Uterus Tissue Engineering
10.5. Vascular Tissue Engineering
10.6. Cardiac Tissue Engineering
10.7. Cartilage Tissue Engineering
10.8. Neural Tissue Engineering
10.9. Adipose Tissue Engineering
11. Tissue Engineering Polymers in Clinical Applications
12. Tissue Engineering Polymers in the Market
13. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Polymer | Molecule/Cell | Application | Technique | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
PLGA scaffold | CellROX_ Green Reagent, and pHrodoTM Red AM (fluorophores) | Cell behavior study | Encapsulation | [139] |
Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel | Anti-Nogo receptor (anti-NgR) RNA aptamer | Spinal cord injury | Encapsulation | [140] |
Chitosan oligosaccharide/ heparin nanoparticles | Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) | Bone tissue engineering | Encapsulation | [141] |
Poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/nano-hydroxyapatite | Mesenchymal stem cell-encapsulated in HPCH (hydroxypropyl chitin hydrogel) | Bone regeneration | Encapsulation | [142] |
Ethylcellulose and polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) | Hemoglobin (Hb) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) | Encapsulation efficiency of proteins | Encapsulation | [143] |
Hyaluronic acid (HA)/poly-L-lysine (PLL) layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly coating on β-TCP (β-tricalcium phosphate) | Small extracellular vesicles | Bone regeneration | Surface modification | [144] |
Chromatin (DNA and histone) supramolecular fibers as scaffold | Murine brain-derived neural stem cells (NSCs) | Neural regenerative medicine | Encapsulation | [145] |
3D-printed (3DP) calcium phosphate (CaP) scaffolds | Polydopamine with Cissus Quadrangularis extract | Treatment bone defects | Surface modification | [146] |
Porous composite scaffold of chitosan, chondroitinsulfate, gelatin | Nano-bioactive glass (nBG) (60% SiO2, 36% CaO, and 4% P2O5) | Bone tissue regeneration | Encapsulation | [147] |
Polyimide | Aminopropylmethacrylamide, Reactive succinimidyl ester, and Methacrylamide modified gelatin | Ocular diseases: age-related macular degeneration (AMD) | Surface modification | [148] |
Silk fibroin microparticles | N-(2-aminoethyl)-4-(4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxy-5 nitrosophenoxy) butanamide (NB) | Cartilage regeneration | Surface modification | [149] |
Methacrylated-Hialuronic Acid | Basic Fibroblastic Growth Factor (bFGF) | Skin wound healing | Surface modification | [150] |
Poly(glycolic acid)–poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(glycolic acid)-di(but-2-yne-1,4-dithiol) (PdBT) | Hydrophilic bone morphogenetic protein mimetic (BMPm) peptide Hydrophobic N-cadherin (NC) peptide Cartilage-derived glycosaminoglycan macromolecule, chondroitin sulfate (CS) | Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) encapsulation | Surface modification | [151] |
Porous 3D PLGA scaffold | Smoothened agonist sterosome | Bone regeneration | Surface modification | [152] |
Poliuretano | REDV peptide | Improve hemocompatibility by promoting EC attachment, proliferation, and growth | Via an active p -nitrophenyloxycarbonyl group | [153] |
Potentiality | Cell Type | Source | Features and Mature Cell Lineage |
---|---|---|---|
Totipotent stem cells | Embryonic stem cell (ESc) | Zygote [159] | A single cell capable of dividing and forming several differentiated cells. Cells including extraembryonic tissues [159]. |
Pluripotent stem cells | Embryonic stem cell (ESc) | Isolated from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst [160]. | They give rise to any cell type of the three germ layers. They have the ability to grow indefinitely while maintaining pluripotency [161]. Both types of cells can give rise to teratomas [162]. |
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSc) | Obtained by genetic modification of somatic cells such as fibroblasts, to which specific transcription factors were introduced to induce pluripotency [163]. | ||
Multipotent stem cells | Adult stem cells | They can be isolated from various tissues, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord, and dental pulp, among others (e.g.,: mesenchymal cells, hematopoietic cells) [164,165]. | They can give rise to a large number of cell lineages [164]. MSCs have immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, antiapoptotic, and trophic properties [165]. |
Oligopotent stem cells | Adult stem cells | They can be isolated from the blood as myeloid and lymphoid cells. | They can give rise to a limited number of cell types. Lymphoid stem cells can only differentiate into basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and thrombocytes [159]. |
Unipotent stem cells | Adult stem cells | Epidermal, satellite (SC) | They can give rise to a single cell type. For example, SC are involved in skeletal muscle regeneration and are normally inactive until a stimulus or damage occurs and are activated to trigger the formation of new muscle fibers [166]. |
Device | Description | Application | Identifier | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
3D-Printed Scaffold | Polycaprolactone Tricalcium Phosphate (PCL-TCP) is a bioactive, biocompatible, and bioabsorbable non-toxic polymer compound. | Ridge preservation after tooth extraction. | NCT03735199 | [198] |
Neuro-spinal Scaffold | Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)-b-poly (L-lysine) scaffold | Thoracic AIS A traumatic spinal cord injury at neurological level of injury of T2-T12. | NCT02138110 | [199,200] |
Absorb GT1 BVS | Absorb GT1 Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold (BVS) | Ischemic heart disease, angina pectoris, coronary artery disease, coronary artery occlusion, myocardial ischemia | NCT03409731 | [201] |
Bio ACL | Collagen based-membrane derived from amniotic tissue | anterior cruciate ligament rupture | NCT03294759 | [202,203] |
BMAC Nerve Allograft | Decellularized processed peripheral nerve allograft, with autologous bone marrow aspirate concentrate. | Peripheral nerve injury, upper limb | NCT03964129 | [204] |
Bioactive glass scaffold | Bioactive glass scaffold with multi-scale porosity prepared using the sol-gel technique. | Bone loss, vertical alveolar bone loss, horizontal alveolar bone loss | NCT01878084 | [205] |
ABSORB scaffold | Everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold | Cardiac allograft vasculopathy | NCT02377648 | [206,207] |
SERI® Surgical Scaffold | Bioresorbable scaffold derived from silk, developed to provide support and repair of soft tissues | Breast reconstruction | NCT01256502 | [208] |
Chitosan scaffold | Bilaminar chitosan scaffold | Sellar floor repair in endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery | NCT03280849 | [209] |
Nanofiber scaffold | Rotium nanofiber is an FDA approved scaffold. | Rotator cuff tears | NCT04325789 | [210] |
Bioresorbable vascular scaffold | The bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) has been approved and is used in daily clinical practice. | Coronary thrombosis, tomography, optical coherence drug-eluting stents | NCT03180931 | [211,212] |
Firesorb | Sirolimus Target Eluting Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold | Coronary artery disease | NCT02890160 | [213] |
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Socci, M.C.; Rodríguez, G.; Oliva, E.; Fushimi, S.; Takabatake, K.; Nagatsuka, H.; Felice, C.J.; Rodríguez, A.P. Polymeric Materials, Advances and Applications in Tissue Engineering: A Review. Bioengineering 2023, 10, 218. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10020218
Socci MC, Rodríguez G, Oliva E, Fushimi S, Takabatake K, Nagatsuka H, Felice CJ, Rodríguez AP. Polymeric Materials, Advances and Applications in Tissue Engineering: A Review. Bioengineering. 2023; 10(2):218. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10020218
Chicago/Turabian StyleSocci, María Cecilia, Gabriela Rodríguez, Emilia Oliva, Shigeko Fushimi, Kiyofumi Takabatake, Hitoshi Nagatsuka, Carmelo José Felice, and Andrea Paola Rodríguez. 2023. "Polymeric Materials, Advances and Applications in Tissue Engineering: A Review" Bioengineering 10, no. 2: 218. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10020218