Antimicrobial and Toxic Effects of Boswellia serrata Roxb. and Mentha piperita Linn. Essential Oils on Vaginal Inhabitants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bacterial and Yeasts Strains
2.2. Essential Oils
2.3. Antimicrobial Assay
2.4. Brine-Shrimp Toxicity Assay
2.5. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Antimicrobial Activity of Investigated EOs
3.2. Brine-Shrimp Toxicity Assay
3.3. Chemical Composition of EOs
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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B. serrata Roxb. | M. piperita L. | Str | Amp | Tet | Cef | Nyst | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacterial Strains * | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | ||
(µL/mL) | (µL/mL) | |||||||||||||
E. coli1 | 50 a | ↑50 b | 50 a | ↑50 b | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | ||
E. coli2 | 50 a | ↑50 b | 50 a | 50 a | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 512 c | |||
S. aureus1 | 50 b | ↑50 c | 25 a | 50 b | 128 d | 256 e | 128 d | 128 d | 64 b | 128 d | 512 f | |||
S. aureus2 | 50 b | ↑50 c | 25 a | 25 a | 128 d | 256 e | nd | nd | 128 d | 256 e | nd | nd | ||
P. aeruginosa | 50 b | ↑50 c | 6.25 a | 6.25 a | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | ||
P. mirabilis | 50 b | ↑50 c | 25 a | 25 a | 128 d | 256 e | 128 d | 256 e | 128 d | 256 d | 512 e | nd | ||
Fungal Strains * | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | ||||||||
(µL/mL) | (µL/mL) | |||||||||||||
C. albicans1 | 100 b | ↑100 c | 100 b | 100 b | 64 a | 64 a | ||||||||
C. albicans2 | 12.50 a | 12.50 a | 12.50 a | 12.50 a | 64 b | 128 c |
Peak No. | Compound | R.I. a | EOs (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
B. serrata | M. piperita | |||
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 52.05 | 3.15 | ||
1 | β-Thujene | 8.11 | 29.77 | - |
2 | α-Thujene | 8.15 | 11.71 | - |
3 | α-Pinene | 8.29 | 8.44 | 0.44 |
4 | Thuja-2,4(10)-diene | 8.40 | 0.34 | - |
5 | β-Myrcene | 8.97 | 1.01 | 0.10 |
6 | β-Pinene | 9.03 | - | 0.82 |
7 | cis-Ocimene | 9.46 | - | - |
8 | γ-Terpinene | 10.24 | - | 0.11 |
9 | Dehydro sabinene ketone | 11.49 | 0.78 | - |
10 | Pulegone | 13.85 | - | 1.48 |
11 | Dihydro-4-Carane | 14.32 | - | 0.20 |
Aromatic monoterpenes | 8.74 | 0.88 | ||
12 | o-Cymene | 9.59 | 0.24 | |
13 | m-Cymene | 9.69 | 0.88 | |
14 | p-Cymene | 9.70 | 8.50 | |
Cyclic terpenes | 19.90 | 2.82 | ||
15 | Camphene | 8.59 | 0.16 | - |
16 | β-Phellandrene | 8.86 | - | 0.20 |
17 | Sabinene | 8.87 | 8.89 | - |
18 | laevo-β-Pinene | 9.03 | 0.66 | - |
19 | α-Phellandrene | 9.41 | 0.13 | - |
20 | δ-3-Caren | 9.46 | 5.76 | - |
21 | dl-Limonene | 9.78 | 4.30 | 2.62 |
22 | trans-Pinocarveol | 12.00 | - | - |
Oxygenated hydrocarbons | 7.29 | 78.92 | ||
23 | 3-methyl-cyclohexanol | 8.44 | - | 1.18 |
24 | Eucalyptol | 9.93 | - | 5.48 |
25 | β-Linalool | 10.84 | - | - |
26 | α-Thujone | 11.43 | 0.78 | - |
27 | L-Menthone | 12.26 | - | 20.86 |
28 | (-)-cis-Sabinol | 12.37 | 0.20 | - |
29 | dl-Menthone | 12.43 | - | 10.14 |
30 | Menthol | 12.66 | 31.86 | |
31 | Terpinen-4-ol | 12.67 | 2.05 | - |
32 | p-Menth-1-en-4-ol | 12.68 | - | - |
33 | (+)-Isomenthol | 12.89 | - | 1.71 |
34 | p-Menth-1-en-8-ol | 12.91 | - | - |
35 | p-Allylanisole | 12.92 | 3.83 | - |
36 | m-Cumenol | 13.28 | 0.15 | - |
37 | Menthyl acetate | 14.67 | - | 7.51 |
38 | Isomenthyl acetate | 15.07 | 0.18 | |
39 | O-Methyleugenol | 16.72 | 0.28 | |
Terpenoids and sesquiterpenes | 1.91 | 6.26 | ||
40 | 3,9-Epoxy-p-mentha-3,8-diene | 12.36 | - | 1.93 |
41 | S-Carvone | 13.93 | - | 0.19 |
42 | 3-carvomenthenone | 14.17 | - | 0.25 |
43 | α-Copaene | 16.62 | 0.21 | 0.14 |
44 | β-Bourbonene | 16.84 | 1.38 | - |
45 | γ-Caryophyllene | 17.25 | - | 0.18 |
46 | trans-α-Bergamotene | 17.57 | 0.18 | -- |
47 | β-caryphyllene | 17.59 | - | 3.39 |
48 | α-Caryophyllene | 18.24 | - | 0.18 |
49 | α-Amorphene | 18.45 | 0.14 | - |
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes | - | 0.74 | ||
50 | Caryophyllene oxide | 20.49 | - | 0.74 |
Amount of identified compounds | 89.89 | 92.77 |
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Bogavac, M.A.; Perić, T.M.; Mišković, J.; Karaman, M. Antimicrobial and Toxic Effects of Boswellia serrata Roxb. and Mentha piperita Linn. Essential Oils on Vaginal Inhabitants. Medicines 2022, 9, 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines9120062
Bogavac MA, Perić TM, Mišković J, Karaman M. Antimicrobial and Toxic Effects of Boswellia serrata Roxb. and Mentha piperita Linn. Essential Oils on Vaginal Inhabitants. Medicines. 2022; 9(12):62. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines9120062
Chicago/Turabian StyleBogavac, Mirjana A., Tamara M. Perić, Jovana Mišković, and Maja Karaman. 2022. "Antimicrobial and Toxic Effects of Boswellia serrata Roxb. and Mentha piperita Linn. Essential Oils on Vaginal Inhabitants" Medicines 9, no. 12: 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines9120062
APA StyleBogavac, M. A., Perić, T. M., Mišković, J., & Karaman, M. (2022). Antimicrobial and Toxic Effects of Boswellia serrata Roxb. and Mentha piperita Linn. Essential Oils on Vaginal Inhabitants. Medicines, 9(12), 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines9120062