Novel Delivery Systems for Checkpoint Inhibitors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Delivery of Checkpoint Inhibitors by Platelets and Hematopoietic Stem Cells
3. Delivery of Checkpoint Inhibitors by Viral Vectors
3.1. Retroviral Vectors
3.2. Adeno-associated Viral Vectors
3.3. Oncolytic Viral Vectors
4. Delivery of Checkpoint Inhibitors as DNA-encoded Monoclonal Antibodies (DMAbs)
5. Delivery of Checkpoint Inhibitors by Bacteria
6. Delivery of Checkpoint Inhibitors by Matrix-binding Checkpoint Inhibitor Conjugates
7. Delivery of Checkpoint Inhibitors by Injectable Hydrogels.
8. Translational Outlook
9. Summary
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Programmed Death Receptor 1 | PD-1 |
Programmed Death-Ligand 1 | PD-L1 |
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 | CTLA-4 |
Checkpoint Inhibition | CPI |
Tumor Microenvironment | TME |
Alanine Aminotransferase | ALT |
Aspartate Aminotransferase | AST |
Treatment-Related Adverse Events | TRAEs |
Immune-Related Adverse Events | iRAEs |
Reactive Oxygen Species | ROS |
Granulocyte–Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor | GMCSF |
Acute Myeloid Leukemia | AML |
Adeno-Associated Virus | AAV |
Retroviral Replication Vectors | RRV |
Hematopoietic Stem Cells | HSCs |
DNA-encoded Monoclonal Antibodies | DMAbs |
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Treatment-Related Adverse Events | PD-1 Inhibitor | PD-L1 Inhibitor | CTLA-4 Inhibitor | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nivolumab | Pembrolizumab | Atezolizumab | Ipilimumab | |
Any adverse event | 30–85% | 40–75% | 16–67% | 55–96% |
Skin | ||||
Pruritus | 2–22% | 4–21% | 5–14% | 25–36% |
Rash | 4–24% | 8–21% | 5–15% | 15–34% |
Vitiligo | 3–11% | 9–25% | NR | 2–9% |
Gastrointestinal | ||||
Diarrhea | 7–22% | 7–20% | 5–20% | 23–46% |
Colitis | 1–9% | 1–4% | 1–2% | 7–25% |
Hepatic | ||||
ALT Increase | 1–8% | 2–8% | 2–4% | 0–15% |
AST increase | 1–12% | 3–10% | 2–4% | 1–13% |
Hepatitis | 0–5% | 1–2% | 1–2% | 0–9% |
Endocrine | ||||
Hypothyroidism | 4–10% | 7–14% | 2–7% | 1–15% |
Hyperthyroidism | 0–5% | 3–10% | 1% | 0–2% |
Hypophysitis | <1% | 1–2% | <1% | 2–16% |
Respiratory | ||||
Pneumonitis | 1–9% | 2–6% | 1–4% | 0.4–4% |
Source Publications | [20,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49] | [48,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65] | [66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75] | [20,46,47,48,49,65,76,77,78,79,80,81,82] |
Delivery System | Strengths | Weaknesses | Source Publications |
---|---|---|---|
Platelets |
|
| [83,85,86,140,141,142,143,144] |
DMAbs |
|
| [110,145,146,147,148,149] |
Viral Vectors |
|
| [90,150,151,152,153,154] |
Extracellular Matrix Binding Protein |
|
| [132,155] |
Bacteria |
|
| [120,123,128,156,157,158,159] |
Hydrogels |
|
| [136,137,138,160,161,162,163,164] |
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Lamichhane, P.; Deshmukh, R.; Brown, J.A.; Jakubski, S.; Parajuli, P.; Nolan, T.; Raja, D.; Badawy, M.; Yoon, T.; Zmiyiwsky, M.; et al. Novel Delivery Systems for Checkpoint Inhibitors. Medicines 2019, 6, 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines6030074
Lamichhane P, Deshmukh R, Brown JA, Jakubski S, Parajuli P, Nolan T, Raja D, Badawy M, Yoon T, Zmiyiwsky M, et al. Novel Delivery Systems for Checkpoint Inhibitors. Medicines. 2019; 6(3):74. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines6030074
Chicago/Turabian StyleLamichhane, Purushottam, Rahul Deshmukh, Julie A. Brown, Silvia Jakubski, Priyanka Parajuli, Todd Nolan, Dewan Raja, Mary Badawy, Thomas Yoon, Mark Zmiyiwsky, and et al. 2019. "Novel Delivery Systems for Checkpoint Inhibitors" Medicines 6, no. 3: 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines6030074
APA StyleLamichhane, P., Deshmukh, R., Brown, J. A., Jakubski, S., Parajuli, P., Nolan, T., Raja, D., Badawy, M., Yoon, T., Zmiyiwsky, M., & Lamichhane, N. (2019). Novel Delivery Systems for Checkpoint Inhibitors. Medicines, 6(3), 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines6030074