Cannabis and Its Secondary Metabolites: Their Use as Therapeutic Drugs, Toxicological Aspects, and Analytical Determination
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Modes of Use in Recreational and Therapeutic Situations, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics
3. Secondary and Toxic Effects, Dependence, and Tolerance
4. Prevalence and Control Status
5. Therapeutic Indications
5.1. Pain Management
5.2. Epilepsy
5.2.1. Evidence in Animal Models and Basic Pharmacological Mechanisms
5.2.2. Clinical Evidence in Epilepsy
5.3. Neurodegenerative Disorders: Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Multiple Sclerosis
5.3.1. Parkinson’s Disease
5.3.2. Alzheimer’s Disease
5.3.3. Multiple Sclerosis
5.4. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
5.5. Tourette’s Syndrome
5.6. Nausea and Vomiting
5.7. Treatment of Loss of Appetite
5.8. Cutaneous Treatments and Dermatology
5.9. Infectious Diseases
5.10. Glaucoma
5.11. Sleep and Anxiety Disorders
6. Challenges in the Determination of Secondary Metabolites of Cannabis
6.1. Samples used for Determination
6.1.1. Biological Specimens
6.1.2. Non-Biological Specimens
6.2. Sample Preparation
6.3. Analytical Instrumentation
7. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gonçalves, J.; Rosado, T.; Soares, S.; Simão, A.Y.; Caramelo, D.; Luís, Â.; Fernández, N.; Barroso, M.; Gallardo, E.; Duarte, A.P. Cannabis and Its Secondary Metabolites: Their Use as Therapeutic Drugs, Toxicological Aspects, and Analytical Determination. Medicines 2019, 6, 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines6010031
Gonçalves J, Rosado T, Soares S, Simão AY, Caramelo D, Luís Â, Fernández N, Barroso M, Gallardo E, Duarte AP. Cannabis and Its Secondary Metabolites: Their Use as Therapeutic Drugs, Toxicological Aspects, and Analytical Determination. Medicines. 2019; 6(1):31. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines6010031
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonçalves, Joana, Tiago Rosado, Sofia Soares, Ana Y. Simão, Débora Caramelo, Ângelo Luís, Nicolás Fernández, Mário Barroso, Eugenia Gallardo, and Ana Paula Duarte. 2019. "Cannabis and Its Secondary Metabolites: Their Use as Therapeutic Drugs, Toxicological Aspects, and Analytical Determination" Medicines 6, no. 1: 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines6010031